Research Literature Review Breast Cancer in USA Essay

IntroductionBreast malignant neoplastic disease continues to be an big focus of attention for medical headmasters, policy-makers and general public in the US. The heights incidence of the disease and its devastating, in many cases, fatal, outcomes rivet the attention of the professional public. Studies identified for this literature review are for the most part often oriented, in the sense that they deal with topics that are of primary importance in detecting, treating, and preventing dumbbell malignant neoplastic disease. Thus, two sources deal with the programs aimed at women education in the US concerning thorax cancer, and two others cover the research into environmental causes of breast cancer. The problem of interposition options for breast cancer is also considered.Education designsIn the US where the inception is extremely diverse, creation of special education programs targeting various population mathematical groups in accordance with their status is of special importance. Armando Valdez, Kakoli Banerjee, Lynn Ackerson, and Maria Fernandez in their word Mul durationdia breast cancer education intervention for low-income Latinas outline a special program aimed at the segment of women including Latino women. The problem with maculation and early treatment of cancer among Latino women is connected to the fact that Latina womens screening invest is considerably demoralize the required government standards and the rate for other ethnic groups.The researchers arrive at the conclusion that, given the procurableness of subsidized mammograms for poor Latina women, the main deterrent for improvement in the screening rate is lack of knowledge about cancer risks and treatment options. complicate level of education materials prepared for the target group by the American crabby person Society was identified as an important factor engine block the access of Latina women to enough information as materials presented often required a superior leve l of reading skills and the materials were not prepared in Spanish.The makeup reports the results of a multimedia breast cancer education intervention, tailored to the ask of low-education, low-income Latinas, and attempt to document specific changes in womens knowledge, attitudes and intentions toward mammography screening (Valdez et al., 2002). using the Breast Cancer Multimedia Kiosk including instructional videos exposing the target group to the dangers of breast cancer, the authors were able to conclude that interactive multimedia technologies are an powerful tool in raising awareness of cancer risks among low-income women. Although the women had some preceding knowledge of cancer (the majority of baseline breeding participants (over 80%) knew eon and family history as risk factors), the post- pictorial matter assessment revealed a significant step-up in knowledge after the program.Krystal Ngoc-Thy Luong and Jenny K. Yi in Apartment-Based Breast Cancer Education Program for Low Income Vietnamese American Women measure out a similar program targeting a different ethnic group. As in the case with Latina women, breast cancer is the leading cause of death in this subgroup. Although Asian/Pacific Islander American, or APIA, women have a lower incidence rate of breast cancer (102.0 per 100,000 versus 140.8 per 100,000 for White American women), motion picture to Western lifestyle flows to push these rank up. In addition, APIA women tend to be younger when diagnosed with breast cancer than other categories.The choose aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate the effect of an apartment- found breast cancer educational program for the hard to cash in ones chips low income Vietnamese women (Luong, Yi, 2005). The program was designed to be based on apartment visits as it provided a convenient way to reach women, coating neighbourhoods with high concentration of Vietnamese families in Houston.The intervention was carried out by two educators who delive red 20 educational sessions over the period of 3 months that provided the Vietnamese women with information concerning screening, recommendations and referrals to screening. Women were supplied with promotional materials including printed educational information and videos.Measurement of the knowledge levels by means of telephone surveys concerning breast cancer issues demonstrated that they were significantly higher in the intervention group after receiving education about breast cancer when compared to women in the control group (Luong, Yi, 2005). The researchers drew the conclusion that an apartment-based program has many advantages as compared to other ones because it addresses women in comfortable home settings, giving them a chance to relax and open up more(prenominal) than to the conversation with the educator.environmental Hazards and Breast CancerAnother important direction of research concerns the shock absorber of pollutants and other environmental factors on incidenc e of breast cancer in women. Thus, Peggy Reynolds, Susan E. Hurley, Robert B. Gunier, Sauda Yerabati, Thu Quach, and Andrew Hertz in Residential Proximity to outlandish Pesticide Use and incidence of Breast Cancer in calcium, 1988-1997 evaluate the connection mingled with the facts that California is the most important agricultural state and also demonst place the highest breast cancer rates in the US. The purpose of the study was formulated as swear to find out whether California breast cancer rates were marvelous in areas with recent high agricultural pesticide use (Reynolds et al., 2005).The research was based on the assessment of 176,302 invasive breast cancer cases including 70,968,598 person-years of observation (Reynolds et al., 2005). victimisation Poisson regression analyses, the authors were not able to find a consistent connecter between living close to the areas of pesticide distribution and having breast cancer. The upshot of the study was that breast cancer was h ardly driven by pesticide use, but was more closely related to various social factors such as socioeconomic status.Julia Green Brody and Ruthann A. Rudel in environmental pollutants and breast cancer address a wider barfr of substances that can lead to breast tumors. The proliferation of breast cancer in North America has caused the need to look for more sources of this disease, examining a wider range of factors. The study covers chemical substances that may be breast carcinogens, promote growth of breast cells and hormonally sensitive tumors, or affect mammary gland development and faculty (Brody, Rudel, 2003).The researchers identify already known breast cancer risk factors including procreative factors, exposure to pharmaceutical hormones, diet, ionizing radiation, socioeconomic status and posited the need to identify more factors. Thus, the scholars point to the need to further investigate the risk associated with occupational hazards including exposure to the mammary carcino gens benzene, PAHs, and certain organic solvents (Brody, Rudel, 2003). For instance, speaking of organic solvents, one study identified a connection between breast cancer rates in Danish women and their exposure to these substances in the workplace.The research, after examining 7,802 women with cancer diagnosis, registered a 20-66% rise in breast cancer risk for women who have been use in occupations that envisaged active exposure to organic solvents. Other studies demonstrated change magnitude risk of breast cancer development for women employed in the chemical industry, textile manufacturing, or nuclear power plants. The authors conclude by saw that more research is needed in the area, but the literature available so far clearly indicates that the link exists between cancer rates and environmental factors.Treatment OptionsFinally, another issue which has been identified to inspire researchers is the availability of treatment options for cancer and choice between various altern atives. Kathleen B. Donaghy in boost Sound Medical Treatment Decision Making A commission on Treatment Choices for Breast Cancer explores this problem. Invoking the ending-making theory, the author evaluates the potential for adequate decision-making in patients struck with this shocking diagnosis. Donaghy (2003) believes that hasty decisions concerning treatment options made on insufficient information are often regretted by the patient afterwards on. As common deterrents that prevent responsible decision-making she identifies five key points1.) cognitive overload2.) failure to fully comprehend treatment options3.) inability or refusal to process information in the presence of a denial excuse4.) hurried presentation of information by the physician5.) self-imposed time constraints to get decisions made. (Donaghy, 2003)The article identifies the key strategies that can be employed by the physician to help the patient in the choice, such as providing maximum possible information to guide the patients decisions, improving communication, chassis information in an appropriate format, obtaining informed consent etc. development the decision theory to define decision-making as a choice between status quo and other alternatives shed light on patient determine that can be involved in decisions regarding breast surgery.ConclusionThe pervasiveness of breast cancer in the US makes research related to the issue passing topical. Examination of causes including environmental factors can help craft governmental policies that go forth prevent the spread of the deadly disease. On the other hand, developing policies aimed at early detection and efficacious treatment can be implemental in curbing the death rate from breast cancer. In this light, creation of programs specifically tailored to the needs of individual groups can be an effective solution. Finally, research oriented toward helping the patient make the best decision concerning treatment options will be an im portant prerequisite of effective treatment programs.ReferencesAckerson, L., Banerjee, K., Fernandez, M., & Valdez, A. (2002). A Multimedia Breast Cancer Education Intervention for Low-Income Latinas. ledger of Community health 27(1), 33+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000714747Brody, J.G., & Rudel, R.A. (2003). Environmental Pollutants and Breast Cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(8), 1007+. http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002005585Donaghy, K.B. (2003). lift Sound Medical Treatment Decision Making A pore on Treatment Choices for Breast Cancer. Annals of the American Psychotherapy fellowship 6(4), 6+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002578878Gunier, G.M., Hertz, A., Hurley, S.E., Quach, T., Reynolds, P., et al. (2005). Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticide Use and Incidence of Breast Cancer in California, 1988-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8), 993+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5010885312Ngoc-Thy Luong, K., & Yi, J.K. (2005). Apartment-Based Breast Cancer Education Program for Low Income Vietnamese American Women. Journal of Community Health 30(5), 2005, 345+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5011756419