Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking Essay

Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking - Essay Example U) and its associated registers that hold the data that is being operated upon and a memory area referred to as Random access memory (RAM) in which any memory location can be read or written upon. The CPU is capable of differentiating the type of content that is stored in memory i.e. whether they are instructions or data. Schematic presentation of the sequential architecture can be exhibited by the figure on the left. A raster graphic is created by combining many small points of information. An easy way to think of a raster graphic is to picture an image in a comic book that is made up of many small dots of color. Depending on the number of dots, the quality of the picture is determined. The raster graphic arrangement can also be referred to as an arrangement of an array of pixels that combine to display an image. A vector graphic is also a picture but the information is communicated in another way. To use another childish example, a vector graphic is like a dot-to-dot. It uses geometrical primitives such points, lines, curves and shapes or polygons which are all based on mathematical equations to represent images. Thus, it has important points that determine what the picture will look like. In Flash, we create vector graphics when we turn pictures into symbols. Since the computer only has to store the information about the key points in the graphic, the size of these images is much smaller than that of a raster graphic which stores information about each individual point. For conversion to Hexa decimal we have to make groups of 4 digits. For integer portion the orientation is right to left with padded zeros on the left most sides. For fractional portion the orientation of grouping is reversed ie from right to left considering point (.) as origin. The chart is given as reference. 6. Reduced instruction set computers provide a large number of general-purpose registers and very few memory access instructions. Most instructions use registers instead of

Lord Byron’s Don Juan Essay Example for Free

Lord Byron’s Don Juan Essay Lord Byron’s Don Juan is a satirical poem that offers a seemingly comical and serious outlook of sexuality. In three different sexual relations in three different places, the events that surround Don Juan are both laughable and questionable. From an early affair with Donna Julia, to an innocently, beautiful engagement with Haidee and finally an unfulfilled and avoided relation with the Sultana Gulbeyaz, Don Juan escapes through the clutches of love with shattered innocence, a broken heart and near fatal eroticism. â€Å"As Byron’s satiric genius developed, it tended to employ less and less of the traditional axe-swinging of the neoclassic satirists and to approach more and more the mocking and ironic manner of the Italian burlesque poetsFinally, when his satiric genius had fully ripened, Byron found complete expression in serious and social satire† (Trueblood, 19). From an early age, Don Juan was destined to wander through a maze of sexuality. One can see this unfolding by merely looking at his parent’s marriage. Let us first look at Don Juan’s parents, Don Jose and Donna Inez. Byron presents the couple ironically and comically. Donna Inez, â€Å"morality’s prim personification perfect past all parallel† (Byron, I, 16-17), still is not good enough for Don Jose. A man with a greater concern for women than knowledge, Don Jose is not a particularly admirable father figure. He lacks respect for his wife, and â€Å"like a lineal son of Eve, /Went plucking various fruits without her leave† (Byron, I, 18). This allusion to Don Jose being a son of Eve is somewhat accurate and satirical. Like Eve, he is careless and unaware of the consequences of his actions. However, as Eve’s son, the offspring of God’s beautiful creation, Don Jose is given holy qualities. He cannot be blamed for his actions, and for a long time, Donna Inez blinds herself from his wrongdoings and maintains their marital status. Their relationship is practically pointless; a mother and father that wished each other dead, not divorced. The unification of Don Jose and Donna Inez is a comical union. â€Å"What men call gallantry, and gods adultery, / Is much more common where the climate’s sultry† (Byron, I, 63). The two reach a point where they canno t stand each other, yet for some reason, they stay together. At the same time, marital disputes and infidelity make for no laughing matter. They were, and continue to be, problems for couples all around the world. Byron depicts Don Jose and Donna Inez at each other’s throats, but still sleeping side by side. To further solidify ironic humour, when their divorce inevitably approaches, Don Jose falls ill and dies. His death right before getting divorced symbolizes the death of marriage. Byron might be poking fun at the fact that more and more marriages end in divorce, and that the fire shared by ‘soul mates’ typically burns out. Despite being an unfaithful and uncaring father, the narrator paradoxically calls Don Jose an honourable man. The death of the father creates increased duties for the mother. Donna Inez decides to enlighten Don Juan with the teachings of art and sciences, but in doing so, neglects teaching him the basic facts of life. Someone uniformed about basic life necessities is at risk of not knowing how to act and react to certain situations. Though Don Juan does not attempt to manipulate those around him, his lack of direction leads him to being a victim of a harsh, unforgiving world. â€Å"Ladies even of the most uneasy virtue / Prefer a spouse whose age is short of thirty† (Byron, I, 61). This is a bold statement from the narrator, but it is certainly the case for Donna Julia, Donna Inez’s friend. She falls for the young and handsome Don Juan when he turns sixteen, though her affection started before then. Donna Julia is seven years older than Don Juan. Her love for the young lad is both comic and paedophilic. Donna Julia unsuccessfully resists temptation, and eventually takes Juan’s innocence and sends him along a path of sexual confusion. As the narrator states: â€Å"Even innocence itself has many a wile / And will not dare to trust itself with truth, / And love is taught hypocrisy from youth† (Byron, I, 72). Her inability to resist Don Juan is satirical for he is sexually inexperienced. Being sexually unsatisfied, one would think Donna Julia would pursue a lover with sexual experience. Her longing for such a young man is bizarre a nd questionable. â€Å"Byron seems to the think temptation integral to creation, and fall the inevitable consequence of temptation† (Ridenour, 29). For Don Juan, an impending relationship with Donna Julia is most appealing, but in turn, it is the start of spiralling, sexual journey. â€Å"Oh pleasure, you’re indeed a pleasant thing, / Although one must be damned for you no doubt† (Byron, I, 119). Unfortunate consequences of plentiful pleasure tend to follow Don Juan around. His romance with Donna Julia is of short lived passion. One November night, Don Alfonso’s suspicions reach a new height and he confronts Donna Julia in her suite. The season is significant; November represents the conclusion of fall and an approaching winter. The trees lose their leaves, plants and shrubs dwindle and the days get shorter and colder. These events can be compared to Don Juan and Donna Julia’s relationship, as its fire is extinguished by an upset Don Alfonso. â€Å"Man is chained to cold earth and is able to alleviate his sufferings only by his own efforts – by love and glory and, as we learn in the second sta nza, by poetry. This very poem is presented as an attempt to give color, form, warmth to a world naturally colorless, indefinite and chill† (Ridenour, 33). This thought can also be applied to Donna Julia, who was brightening her world with the young Don Juan. Though she promised Don Alfonso to never disgrace the ring she wore, she falls victim to the fact that â€Å"pleasure’s a sin and sometimes sin’s a pleasure† (Byron, I, 133). Donna Julia acts like a double-edged sword when confronted by Don Alfonso. She gets upsets by his unfaithful accusations, while the whole time, Don Juan is hidden beneath a pile of clothes. â€Å"Satire was Byron’s natural and habitual response to censure and injury† (Trueblood, 20). In the end, Donna Julia is left emotionally hurt and displaced, while Don Juan barely escapes from a physical punishment. Don Alfonso is left betrayed, deceived and not knowing where to turn. The first canto ends with the same disheartened feeling: â€Å"All things that have been born were born to die, / And flesh (which Death mows down to hay) is grass† (Byron, I, 220). The allusion of De ath mowing the grass of life is comic and serious. Humans age from year to year and their health eventually deteriorates. The same can be said of Don Juan’s sexual relations. â€Å"In Don Juan, Byron uses almost every possible variation of epic tone, from the frivolous to the almost entirely serious† (Clancy, 63). The tone takes a turn for the worse when Juan is involved in a shipwreck. He manages to get aboard a longboat and escape the capsizing ship. Juan’s luck only lasts so long for his tutor, who boards the longboat only to be eaten several days later. Just when Juan appears on the brink of death, he floats to safety clutching an oar. The oar can be seen as an obvious phallic symbol, and in turn, it leads Juan to his first true love, Haidee. â€Å"Amidst the barren sand and rocks so rude / She and her wave-worn love had made their bower† (Byron, II, 198). The setting of their relationship is perfect, for it is both beautiful and dangerous. â€Å"As Byron is careful to point out, it is here, on a coast whose perils have been repeatedly emphasized, that the peculiarly harmonious and ideal love of Juan and Haidee is consummatedâ₠¬  (Ridenour, 44). The love of Juan and Haidee has a quality of magnificence which Don Juan and Donna Julia lacked. The two are portrayed as soul mates that happened upon each other. They were brought together in a stroke of luck and when their union is denied â€Å"the power of love sours to lust, sex hatred and leering prudishness. What is true love is equally true of the other passionsThe attempt to contain the passions and stop the flow of life always defeats itself in some manner. This is the particular form which the standard satiric plot takes in Don Juan† (Kernan, 93). Though Haidee and Juan were meant for each other, Lambro interferes and puts an end to their relationship. He ruins the purity of love, which had ironically been washed up on a beach. Lambro puts Juan into slavery, and furthermore, causes his daughter’s coma and eventual death. Had he accepted the unification of Juan and Haidee, life in general would have been happier, gayer. Violence and disorder lurk behind tranquility and harmony, and the tranquil and harmonious are fated inevitably to dissolve again in the violent and chaotic. This is an immutable law of Byron’s world. Haidee was, â€Å"Nature’s bride† (Byron, II, 202), and the love she shared with Juan is contrasted in its naturalness with the unnatural situation of woman in society. Their union is almost an act of natural religion. (Ridenour). Mary Grant places Don Juan â€Å"among the different kinds of humor, the mild and pervasive type of Socratic irony, subtle in its half-laughter and half-earnestness, harmonized best with the ease of affability of the sermo, its change of tone from grave to gay, its arts in the absence of art† (Ridenour,10). Don Juan is brought to a slave market in Constantinople and bought by a eunuch for the Sultana, Gulbeyaz. The eunuch, Baba, can be seen as a sinister and dangerous character. â€Å"The technique of associating the subject to be ridiculed with sexual impotence is, of course, a traditional one; but the connection between impotence and lust for power exists on a much deeper level than that of mere invective† (Ridenour, 12). Baba’s sexual life has been obliterated, and his condition foreshadows a drastic change to Don Juan. This is fulfilled when he is brought to the palace and immediately dressed in woman’s clothing. Juan’s gender rearrangement is ironic, and turns bizarre when Gulbeyaz demands him to make love to her. As he is still in mourning for losing Haidee, Juan refuses and bursts into tears. â€Å"In the accounts of his [Juan’s] relations with women, he is not made to appear heroic or even dignified; and these impress us as having an ingredien t of the genuine as well as of the make-believe† (Eliot, 97). His actions at first infuriate the Sultana, then she feels compassion, and eventually she cries. Juan is displaced from a man to a weeping woman, while Gulbeyaz turns from a demanding woman to an apathetic female. Communication between the two is short lived as the sultan approaches the castle. Upon seeing Juan, the sultan states: â€Å"I see you’ve bought another girl; ‘tis pity / That a mere Christian should be half so pretty† (Byron, V, 155). The sultan, who has four wives and undoubtedly several mistresses, comes off as a fool for not noticing that Juan is a male. We can laugh at his blindness, but at the same time, one can only wonder what else he does not see. In Canto I we have the amusing account of the genealogy of Don Juan. Then there is a description of the first of Juan’s amours, the Julia episode. Canto II continues Juan’s adventures, including his shipwreck and subsequent love affair with Haidee. In Cantos III and IV the passionate roma nce of Haidee and Juan comes to its tragic end and Juan is soon embroiled in the ludicrous seraglio escapade which occupies the whole of Canto V and is concluded in Canto VI (Trueblood, 5). Through these episodes, Byron uses satire to portray sexuality in a comical and serious manner. â€Å"The poem is a satire on the romantic cult of passion and on the natural man whose passions are his only guide from his proper woes† (Clancy, 53). Don Juan is sent on a rollercoaster of sexuality: paedophilic love, true love ending in a broken heart and then a confusing, uncertain relation. Through hardships and endeavours, Don Juan comes out a stronger man. From the first six cantos, one can conclude that â€Å"love, which should be a means of overcoming self, of living in and for another person, is itself egotistic. The remedy merely aggravates the disorder. It is the same paradox which, in other terms, we have met so often before† (Ridenour, 75). The comedic yet serious portrayal of sexuality makes Don Juan one of the greatest satires even written.

Comparing Invisible Man and Brave New World Essay -- comparison compar

Comparing Invisible Man and Brave New World      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both Ellison’s The Invisible Man and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World are political in nature, and at this level, seem completely dissimilar. The Invisible Man attempts to illuminate the social entrapment of Black Americans, while Brave New World cautions against an over-reliance on technology and the amorality it can potentially inspire. At a deeper level, however, both books are also about the status of the individual in society, and it is here that there is a remarkable similarity between the two novels.    In both The Invisible Man and Brave New World, we see men fighting against societies that devalue their individuality and thereby lessen their sense of identity and self worth. "I've always tried to create characters who were pretty forthright in stating what they felt society should be" said Ellison in a 1963 interview (Graham and Singh, 85). This statement captures the underlying theme of both novels : that an ideal society is one that is founded upon the ability of individuals to assert themselves freely and without prejudice. Close examination of both works show that while they are wildly different in many ways, at this one level, they are very much the same.    In order to see this similarity in theme more clearly, we must first peel back the layer of political meaning, which isn't easy. As previously stated, these are both political novels on the surface, and sixty years of critical commentary that has focused specifically on this level has done little to make an alternative reading any easier: conventional wisdom tells us that Invisible Man is a treatise on the state of Black America, and Brave New World is a cautionary tale of the misuse of techn... ...aid Ellison in an interview shortly before his death, "is that they are individuals with individual vision" (Graham and Singh, 391). It is upon the strengths of these individuals that our entire society is built. And unlike John, the embattled savage of Brave New World, whose desperation I recognized even as a child peering into a coloring book, the individuals in Invisible Man still have the power to make themselves heard and continue the grand cycle of applying their "individual vision" to the tapestry of society.    Sources Cited Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 1995. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. New York, New York: Harper Collins Publishers. Amritjit Singh and Maryemma Graham. Conversations with Ralph Ellison. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.      

Consumer Decision On Phones :: essays research papers

Due to the speed of technological advances nowadays, it is increasing difficult for anyone to predict the marketing strategy for an electronic device. As for telephones today, they are becoming more and more sophisticated in both capabilities and application of these capabilities. A potential buyer is nevertheless confronted with decisions – cordless or non-cordless, caller ID or no caller ID and so on. Well, by analyzing this market through an economist’s point of view, the quality of product almost always grow directly according to price. To analyze the 1999 phone market fully using the neoclassical approach, many factors would have to be discussed. As discussed in the Time article by Katie Hafner, â€Å"Everything but a Dial: Phone Choices†, telephone prices ranges are related to their capabilities. The amount of consumption of these various goods solely depends on the price and the utility that consumers receive from purchasing the product. When deciding to purchase a telephone, a consumer would most likely to separate telephone capabilities into different categories first and then choose from a selection of phones that best suit their needs (their utility). The amount of goods sold by a company would depend on the price of the phone and how it competes with other companies in the market. Therefore, in order to effectively market a new line of telephones, the capabilities of a telephone and its price must be taken into consideration. First, a research must be done on consumer preference and what population it would be served. Empirical data must show a significant number of demand for a specific capability before the production is run (ex. whether if there are enough couch potatos in United States that desire a telephone which is integrated into a remote control for the television). Second, the price of the new product must be competitive in the market. By comparing the new line of product to its competitors, the price should be set at a level that is weighted according to its unique functions. Henceforth, it is with these above factors in consideration that a company will be able to do business more successfully. Since this is not a perfect world, consumers do not have perfect information about the products they have purchased. In addition, there are important issues that the neoclassic theory of consumer demand failed to address above. The neoclassic theory of consumer demand cannot predict the demand for new products and explain the theory of ‘want creation’ through advertising and effective marketing.

Drama and Theater Essay

What is drama? What are the similarities and differences between Greek Drama, Renaissance Drama, Kabuki Drama, and Contemporary Drama? Drama is tension. In the context of a play in a theatre, tension often means that the audience is expecting something to happen between the characters on stage. Will they shoot each other? Will they finally confess their undying love for one another? Drama derived from the Greek verb dran, meaning â€Å" to act† or â€Å"to do†, refers to actions or deeds as they are performed in a theatrical setting for the benefit of a body of spectators. Drama is often combined with music and dance: the drama in opera is sung throughout; musicals include spoken dialogue and songs; and some forms of drama have regular musical accompaniment (Banham, 1998). Drama was the crowning glory of the Athenian Age. This period has been called by different terms. It has been called the Age of Pericles because Pericles was the ruling power in Athens at the time. It has been also called the Athenian Age because Athens became the white-hot literary center of Greece, and it has been called the Golden Age because the drama flourished during this period. There were three great tragic writers: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, the greatest writer of comedy the world has ever produced ( Serrano & Lapid, 1987, p. 26) Drama and Theater The theatre of ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c. 550 and c. 220 BCE. It is true that there is much in human nature that loves dramatic presentation, for man loves to imitate other persons. Gestures by a narrator or an orator may be considered dramatic, but these are only disjointed actions; there is a wide step between this and dramatic actions. The Greeks gave the drama as a literary form to the world. The drama of antiquity is very different from the drama as we now know it. It had dignity, nobility, and power. It had little of the spontaneity and easy naturalness of modern plays. The Greek drama was cut up into situations or episodes, and between these episodes were choral recitations of great length. These choral recitations, though they had beauty and power, slowed the action and interrupted the forward movement of the story. The choruses however, were visually attractive. The participants, competed with each other in the splendor of their dresses and the excellence of their singing and dancing (Serrano and Lapid, 1987, p. 26-27). Some example of the Greek drama were the Story of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , by Aeschylus and The story of Oedipus The King by Sophocles (p. 28). Primary in a true appreciation of Renaissance drama is the poetry. The theatre of their day was a poetical one. Rather than being confused by the poetry we find in these plays, we need to understand why the poetical theatre was, and is, superior in expression and more powerful in emotion than a realistic one. Their stage was â€Å"conventional†or poetical while today’s stage is realistic. As an example, in Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens Timon is disgusted with mankind, hating all of the supposedly â€Å"decent† people he knows. When confronted by thieves he tells them to go about their work merrily; everyone steals, and he offers examples of thievery: I’ll example you with thievery: The sun’s a thief, and with his great attraction Robs the vast sea; the moon’s an arrant thief, And her pale fire she snatches from the sun; The sea’s a thief, whose liquid surge resolves The moon into salt tears; the earth’s a thief, That feeds and breeds by a composture stol’n From gen’ral excrement; each things’s a thief. (Timon of Athens 4. 3. 438-45). Kabuki, like other traditional forms of drama in Japan as well as in other cultures around the world, was (and sometimes still is) performed in full-day programs. Rather than attending a single play for 2–5 hours, as one might do in a modern Western-style theater, one would â€Å"escape† from the day-to-day world, devoting a full day to entertainment in the theater district. Though some plays, particularly the historical jidaimono, might go on for an entire day, most plays were shorter and would be arranged, in full or in part, alongside other plays in order to produce a full-day program. This was because it was required in kabuki play to get the audience showing different preference that is in either the history plays or domestic plays like a drama, to enjoy during the full-day program. Contemporary Drama was never very popular after World War I, drama in a realist style continued to dominate the commercial theatre, especially in the United States. Even there, however, psychological realism seemed to be the goal, and nonrealistic scenic and dramatic devices were employed to achieve this end. The plays of Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams, for instance, use memory scenes, dream sequences, purely symbolic characters, projections, and the like. Even O’Neill’s later works-ostensibly realistic plays such as Long Day’s Journey into Night (produced 1956)-incorporate poetic dialogue and a carefully orchestrated background of sounds to soften the hard-edged realism. Scenery was almost always suggestive rather than realistic. European drama was not much influenced by psychological realism but was more concerned with plays of ideas, as evidenced in the works of the Italian dramatist Luigi Pirandello, the French playwrights Jean Anouilh and Jean Giraudoux, and the Belgian playwright Michel de Ghelderode. In England in the 1950s John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger (1956) became a rallying point for the postwar â€Å"angry young men†; a Vietnam trilogy of the early 1970s, by the American playwright David Rabe, expressed the anger and frustration of many towards the war in Vietnam. Under he influence of Brecht, many postwar German playwrights wrote documentary dramas that, based on historical incidents, explored the moral obligations of individuals to themselves and to society. An example is The Deputy (1963), by Rolf Hochhuth, which deals with Pope Pius XII’s silence during World War II. The contemporary drama does not purport to be easy; it insists on a greater understanding of all things pertinent to modern humanity and its relationships to religion, societal order, psychology in order to appreciate its message; however, it critically acknowledges that most of us remain ignorant to all the former. Thus, the drama instructs, irritates, challenges, and begs for intelligence in order to gain from its message. It remains didactic, combined with pleasure, but always wishing to challenge the current notions of authority. References http://www. clt. astate. edu/wnarey/modern_contemporary_drama. htm Banham, Martin, (1998 ed. ). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521434378. Serrano, Josephine and Lapid, Milagros, (1987). English Communication Arts and Skills Through World Literature. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel Essays

Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel Essays Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel Essay Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel Essay Curso: Analisis Cuantitativo y Toma de decisiones: Fecha: 09 Marzo 2013 Integrantes: Monica Calderon Monica Chavez Monica Escobar Julio Jaramillo Sandra Saco Vertiz Case 3: Positioning the Infiniti G20 EXERCISES 1. Using the data in Exhibit 1 and the associated perceptual mapping software, describe the two (or, if applicable, three) dimensions underlying the perceptual maps that you generated. Based on these maps, how do people in this market perceive the Infiniti G20 compared with its competitors? El G20 es visto como un automovil atractivo y exitoso. Muy bien posicionado junto a otras marcas de la gama como BMW y Honda 2. Infiniti promoted the G20 as a Japanese car (basic version $17,500) with a German feel, basically a car that was like the BMW 318i ($20,000), but lower priced. Is this a credible claim, given the perceptions and preferences of the respondents? Los 2 principales competidores del G20 son BMW 318i and the Honda Prelude. Es una dificil tarea promocionar el G20 sobre el BMW 318i en alto prestigio y atractivo; este ultimo punto punto es subjetivo y los gustos del publico pueden cambiar facilmente. El prestigio del auto puede ser promocionado, pero con menor precio del G20 vs BMW, el publico podria percibir que el auto mas caro es el que mas prestigio tiene. De acuerdo a la data y en comparacion con el BMW 318i, el G20 tiene menor precio, elevado ahorro en combustible y larga garantia. Promocionar estos puntos del mercado el G20 tiene un gran valor sobre el BMW 318i es la mejor solucion y puede ser muy bien apreciado por los consumidores. 3. Which attributes are most important in influencing preference for these cars in the three segments (S1, S2 and S3) shown on these maps? To which segment(s) would you market the Infiniti G20? How would you reposition the Infiniti G20 to best suit the chosen segment(s)? Briefly describe the marketing program you would use to target the chosen segment(s). Los mas importantes atributos por segmento son: Segment 1 (S1): Hi Prestige, Quiet, Interesting, and Common. Segment 2 (S2): Roomy, Easy Service, and Sporty. Segment 3 (S3): Unreliable, Poor value and Poorly built. El mercado para Infiniti G20 serian los segments 1 and 2, porque ellos aparecen como el modelo ideal de clientes para Infiniti. Ellos comparten las mismas cualidades y estilo de auto que estamos produciendo. Adicionalmente podriamos reposicionar el G20 como lujoso, deportivo, confortable, logrando satisfacer los requerimientos del consumidor de ambos segmentos. 4. What ongoing research program would you recommend to Infiniti to improve its evaluation of its segmentation of the market and positioning of its G20? Podria recomendar a Infiniti invertir mas tiempo concentrando o mejorando los atributos menos valorados por los consumidores, a la vez que podria encontrar la forma de hacerlos mas economicos e interesantes. Ayudando tanto a mejorar su produccion, costos y a la vez mejorar la percepcion del producto de parte de los clientes. 5. Summarize the advantages and limitations of the software provided for this application. Consideramos una limitante que el programe no brinde una explicacion de los resultados, o una interpretacion de los escenarios. Como ventaja podemos considerar que nos permite visualizar el impacto de cada uno de los atributos en el consumidor, y en base a esa informacion ofrecer mejoras en el producto final. Case 4: Forte Hotel Design EXERCISES 1. Design: Using a blank Excel spreadsheet, follow Step 1 in the Conjoint Tutorial and develop a Study Design Template (MEXL==Conjoint==Create Study Design Template) for Forte, using the attributes and levels from Exhibit 1. Next, follow Step 2 in the Tutorial, Create a data collection instrument, selecting Ratings method and 1 for the number of respondents (you). When you are done, check to be sure that your sheet looks like the Forte Hotel Data (Conjoint, 1 Ratings) data set in My Marketing Engineering. Then, briefly summarize the advantages and limitations of describing products as bundles of attribute options. En este ejercicio creamos los atributos y los diferentes niveles de cada atributo, familiarizandonos con el uso de la herramienta. 2. Utility assessment: Using the sheet that you created in Question 1, rate each of the bundles, giving your most preferred bundle 100 and your least preferred bundle 0, as described in Step 3 in the Tutorial. When you are done, follow Step 4 in the Tutorial and perform a utility assessment for yourself (MEXL==Conjoint==Create Study Design TemplateEstimate Preference Part Worths). Interpret your own preferences on the resulting Part Worths Sheet. Como resultado del ejercicio Podemos interpretar que Monica prefiere la habitacion con un escritorio y prioriza el telefono al internet. Desea entretenimiento exterior para practicar actividades deportivas. Le encanta la limpieza personal y desea sus zapatos bien lustrados. Tambien prefiera acercarse al restaurant al delivery. 3. Open the â€Å"Forte Hotel Data (Conjoint, 2 Partworths)† data set in My Marketing Engineering and review the Partworths developed from the respondents in this case. Based on your experiences in completing these tasks, summarize the advantages and limitations of conjoint analysis for obtaining preference data from customers. Respondents Preference Partworths Respondents preference partworths. The most preferred profiles sum up to 100, the least preferred to 0. Respondents / Small Suite Large Room Room Office Internet access Speaker phone Attributes and Levels 0 9 11 52 13 Amanda 10 37 0 0 9 Ann 26 0 10 21 0 Bruce 8 0 22 13 25 Byron 34 0 30 0 16 Byung 45 0 16 0 2 Colleen 17 7 0 7 24 Courtney 15 0 12 0 14 Daniel 13 0 24 10 23 Dierdre 11 20 0 9 0 Elio 0 27 7 4 0 Eugene 8 0 31 8 0 Frank 20 0 14 0 7 Gabriel 0 19 5 10 22 George 14 31 0 14 0 Gina 6 16 0 0 16 Hans 0 7 47 0 8 Hector 34 0 16 6 27 Jin Hyuk Room fax 0 3 14 0 11 0 0 38 0 19 2 10 21 0 13 9 25 0 Ventajas: Permite identificar la combinacion de atributos preferidos por los consumidores. Explotar los atributos preferidos o mas valorados con un adecuado plan de marketing. Permite caracterizar perfiles de los clientes y asi poder enfocar mejor nuestras ofertas. Limitaciones: No podemos segmentar completamente a nuestra oferta hacia el consumidor (salvo que la base sea estadisticamente robusta). Requiere de un analisis cualitativo previa para identificar las variables a considerar. 4. Analysis: Open the Forte Hotel Data (Conjoint, 3 Analysis) data set in My Marketing Engineering, which has competed Steps 5 and 6 in the Tutorial for you. Follow Step 7 in the Tutorial, ((MEXL==Conjoint==Run Analysis) and assess the viability of the four specific hotel concepts that Forte is exploring for the State College area. Base this evaluation on the preferences of a sample of 40 business travelers on that sheet (Exhibit 2) and the cost estimates summarized in Exhibit 3. The base cost to build each hotel room (without the attributes and options listed in Exhibit 3) is expected to be about $40,000 for a 150- to 200-room hotel, regardless of the mix of room types. . Identify the optimal product concept from among those Forte is considering. Explain how you arrived at your recommendation. Consideramos que optimal product 1 es el concepto que deberia considerar Forte porque este le permitira una mejor penetracion en el mercado, lo cual ademas de traer la mayor aceptacion redundara en un pronto recupero de la inversion. 6. Would you recommend product concepts other than the four Forte is considering for the State College market? Expla in how you arrived at your recommendation(s). Las 4 opciones engloban el tipo de cliente que normalmente tienen este tipo de cadena de hoteles con lo cual la segmentacion esta muy bien aplicada; sin embargo podrian agregar una opcion enfocada a empresas, BtoB, que esten interesadas en utilizar el hotel como centro de convenciones que duren uno o mas dias y la empresa contratante deba hospedar a sus invitados, si bien es cierto, no es constante todo el ano, podrian tener preparada una opcion con servicios estandar y ciertos entretenimientos. Podria llamarse Business 1. 7. Summarize the major advantages and limitations of a conjoint study for new roduct design. What conditions favor the use of this approach in the hotel industry? (Consider such factors as types of customers and market conditions in responding to this question). Este modelo le permite a la industria hotelera saber la valoracion del mix e atributos valorados por el cliente y de esta forma tener una propuesta enfocada en el publico objetivo al que se dirige, ademas l e permite saber, en la medida que disponga de informacion de los otros hoteles, en que segmento tendria mayores probabilidad de tener una mejor aceptacion. Sin embargo el uso de esta herramienta requeriria de un alto costo de inversion inicial en investigacion de mercados, ya que exigiria la realizacion de una encuesta que permita contar con datos para la evaluacion. Case 5: Durr Environmental, Inc. – Air Pollution Control Systems Durr faced the following questions: 1. Is it economically sensible to enter the US market? 2. If so, what would be the best offering to make? 3. Would it be better to provide two different offerings? If so, what should they be? 4. Which segment(s) of the customers should they target, with what selling proposition for their new offering(s)? Provide a business case to address these issues. Assume the following: The business must generate marginal revenue of $4MM/year to justify entry, and it will cost Durr an additional $3MM/year to support a second offering. 1. Modelo de Negocio: Tamano del Mercado * Participacion del Mercado *Margen de Contribucion Segun la premisa debemos justificar mas de US $4MM para justificar la entrada al mercado. Tamano del Mercado: Market research indicated that there would be about 300 units of that size sold in the US each year over the next decade. Participacion del mercado Margen de Utilidad: Producto Servair= 200K + 200K + 10K + 70K – 300K = US $180K Producto Premier= 200K+200K-170K+0+0= US $230K Producto Base =200K+0+0+0=US $200K Conclusion: Para Servair == 300 * 0. 1877 * 180 = US $10. 1 MM Para Premier = 300 * 0. 1433 * 230= US $9. 8 MM Para Base = 300 * 0. 0889 * 200=US $5. 3 MM Dado que los 3 escenarios son mayores a los US $ 4MM, podemos ingresar al mercado con cualquiera de los productos. Cada uno de ellos nos permitira mayor o menor ganancia segun nuestra apuesta. 2. If so, what would be the best offering to make? Luego analizamos por cada tipo de producto. Segmentamos por Producto 1: Y ahora segmentamos por Producto 2: Sugerimos el producto Premier DX porque tiene mayor probabilidad de aceptacion y por ende nos permite ganar mercado mas rapido. Maximizar beneficios y asegurarnos posicionamiento de marca. . Would it be better to provide two different offerings? If so, what should they be? Recomendamos ingresar solamente con el producto Premier, dado que lograriamos mayor participacion de mercado, un mayor nivel de beneficios e incluso eliminar un competidor. Sin embargo, si quisieramos incorporar un segundo producto sugerimos que sea el primero, pues pese a tener una menor contribucion marginal que el tercero tendriamos mayor probabilidad de aceptacion y por lo tanto tendriamos menor exposicion al riesgo. . Which segment(s) of the customers should they target, with what selling proposition for their new offering(s)? Podrian ser empresas que tienen un alto sentido de responsabilidad con el medio ambiente y desean ejercer control del sistema de emision de gases de manera eficiente. Prefieren invertir en un buen sistema y asegurar un contrato de servicio, para evitar quedarse sin soporte ante algun inconveniente.

The Noble Savage †Sociology Essay

The Noble Savage – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers The term the â€Å"noble savage† can carry a positive and negative connotation although it is an oxymoron it is a powerful term such that both Charles Mann and Martha Manchaca wrote of it. The noble savage was used by Holmberg do describe a type of Siriono who cared about his or her land but did not have any agency or any form of motivation to carry â€Å"meaningful† life. To me the term noble savage has no meaning because to characterize a person or a group as having no history or having no impact on their environment is ludicrous. The idea of a Noble Savage can be dated back into 1530 when Bartolome de Las Casas gave the term Noble Savage a positive depiction where the Indians were essentially the ideal human being, they were â€Å"natural creature who dwelt, gentle as cows in the terrestrial paradise†. Although it was first introduced by de Las Casas, Holmberg’s mistake popularized the idea of the noble savage, and to this day many of us have the vivid image of Indians being noble and peaceful, teaching the â€Å"white† how to plant vegetation and being a society of conservation. Holmberg’s mistake is still clearly seen in today’s textbooks and all around us as well; as everyday household products like Land O Lake butter where the box depicts an Indian in a terrestrial paradise holding â€Å"pure and wholesome† butter. In Manchaca’s Recovering History Constructing Race Indians were seen as victims agreeing with the concept that Indians lacked agency; the â€Å"noble savage† was one whose life had been disturb by the Spaniards, they were not actors of their own lives but just recipients of what they of what the Spaniards did to them. I think the classification of â€Å"noble savage† by the Spaniards has a lot to do by how Mexicans or Chicanos are seen in general day to day life. Like Manchaca said the mestizos were seen as lower class brutal just like the barbarian in Holmberg’s mistake. Manchaca’s reference of the noble savage is to guide the reader right into the depiction of what a mestizo was to the Spaniards. To this day beauty is classified by having light colored eyes or light skin by many, it’s nonsensical how Holmberg classified the Indians as being savages because they did not change, when we refuse to change our ways of viewing our world and viewing ourselves. The general concept of a mestizo is still in practice today, sadly a lot of the crime that we view in our daily world is blamed on color people whether it be the statement; immigrant’s contribute to our economy but because of them the crime rate has gone up. Sad to say but the how the world views a Chicano or Mexican is largely to blame on the media because of the magnification on the crime rate while minimizing other crime. It is strange how the views of today are greatly influenced by the words of two people. The stereotypes of Mexican, Chicano and Indians have yet to change, but hopefully one day the view of Holmberg will be seen as just an opinion and will not influenced future generations on their views of what people are. Research Papers on The "Noble Savage" - Sociology EssayMind TravelCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

The 9 Best Places to Do Community Service

The 9 Best Places to Do Community Service SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Community service is a great way to help others, as well give you valuable skills and experiences.There are a lot of ways to get involved in community service, and choosing the best place to volunteer your time can be difficult. Our guide gives examples of some of the top places to do community service, as well as steps to help you decide which place is best for you. What Is Community Service and Why Should You Participate in It? Community service is work done by a person or group of people that benefits others. It is often done near the area where you live, so your own community reaps the benefits of your work.You do not get paid to do community service, but you can include your experience on your resume and college applications. There are many benefits to participating in community service; some of the most common are listed below: Gives you an opportunity to help others Helps you gain experience and new skills Helps improve your community Chance to make new friends Can cause personal growth How Can You Decide Where to Do Community Service? There is no community service location or activity that is â€Å"best† for everyone.You should decide where to perform community service based on your interests and skills, as well as your community’s demand for volunteers. Ask yourself the following questions: What Do I EnjoyDoing? Do you like working with kids? You may want to consider volunteering at a school. Are you an animal lover? Maybe a local shelter is the best place for your community service.Doing something you like will make your community service more enjoyable, and make it more likely for you to continue volunteering. What Kind of Career Do I Want? It’s not a requirement, but if your community service helps you get skills needed for future jobs, that’s an added bonus that will give you extra motivation as you volunteer.For example, if you want to be a doctor, you may consider doing community service at a hospital or nursing home. Which Problems Do I Want to Help Solve? Are you concerned about the environment? Animal cruelty? Education standards?Chances are you’ll be able to find a community service project related to an issue you care about. Which Places in My Community Are Important to Me? When I was a teenager, I chose to do community service at my local library because I had spent many afternoons there while growing up. Participating in the library’s summer reading program as a child had led to my love of reading, so when I got older, I felt good about volunteering for the program and helping other kids learn to love books.If there is a particular place in your community that’s important to you, whether it’s a park you played at as a child or the nursing home where your grandfather lives, performing community service there lets you show your gratitude and appreciation. Where Can You Find Ways to Participate in Community Service? Your School If you are a student, see if your school has any clubs for people interested in performing community service; many highs schools have a volunteering organization or something similar. Your Community Center This is wherever your community posts notices and information. It could be at a town hall, community meeting place, or on your town’s website.In addition to other information about your community, people and places looking for volunteers will often post notices here. Places Where You'd Like to Volunteer If you have a specific place where you’d like to perform community service, such as a nursing home or animal shelter, contact them and ask if they take volunteers. Online Sometimes a simple internet search can get you numerous volunteer opportunities. Search â€Å"community service ideas near [your town]† and see what comes up. The 9 Best Places to Do Community Service Below is a list of the most common places to perform community service. Each place has a brief description, examples of work you might perform as a volunteer and suggestions for the types of people who might be most interested in performing community service there. Hospitals Hospitals are often in need of volunteers for a variety of activities, and while you probably won’t start off with a lot of responsibility, if you volunteer at the same hospital for an extended period of time, you will likely be given more duties that you may be able to tailor to your interests. Examples of work:Delivering gifts to patients, interacting and playing with young patients, stocking medical supplies, and transporting patients to different rooms. Good for people who:are considering a career in the medical field, enjoy fast-paced work, and aren’t squeamish around illness. Schools Schools are one of the most popular places to perform community service, and many are in frequent need of volunteers. You can volunteer at your own school, a school you used to attend, or a different school. Examples of work:Tutoring students, chaperoning events, creating school murals, and supervising after-school programs. Good for people who:like working with children or teenagers, are creative, enjoy teaching, or are considering a career in education. Animal Shelters Animal shelters often have small budgets and a large number of animals who need to find homes, requiring many of them to need volunteers so that they can maximize the number of pets they care for. Examples of work:Feeding animals, cleaning cages, providing basic veterinary care, walking dogs, and interviewing potential owners. Good for people who:enjoy spending time with animals or are considering a career in animal care. Nursing Homes Many nursing homes and retirement communities rely on volunteers to keep residents active and organize fun events. Examples of work: Reading to or interacting with residents, hosting events like dances and bingo nights, and assisting residents with daily activities. Good for people who: enjoy spending time with senior citizens, are considering a career in health care, or have an outgoing personality. Food Banks Food banks, also known as soup kitchens or food depositories, are places where people can donate food that is then given to homeless or low-income people. Food banks provide several billion meals a year, and they rely on volunteers to continue their work reducing hunger. Some also grow their own food and serve meals on-site. Examples of work: Sorting food donations, organizing food drives, and delivering meals. Good for people who:enjoy cooking or gardening, don't need a lot of interaction with their beneficiaries or enjoy helping the poor as a social issue. Places of Worship Churches, synagogues, and other places of worship regularly have opportunities for community service. These activities can be related to the religion and spreading its message, but other times they are completely secular. Examples of work: Participating in mission trips, building houses, collecting donations, and teaching a religion class for children. Good for people who:enjoy their place of worship's sense of community or are interested in spreading their religion’s message. Libraries Your local library probably has multiple options for community service. Demand tends to be particularly high in the summer when more families visit and participate in library programs. Examples of work: Helping with a summer reading program, organizing donated books, helping with office work, and greeting and assisting patrons. Good for people who:enjoy reading, like working with children, or are good at organizing things. Museums Museums often need volunteers, and they can be a great place to do community service because you can choose a museum that focuses on your interests, whether that’s art, history, or something else. Examples of work:Cataloging specimens, leading tours, greeting guests, and assisting at special events. Good for people who:enjoy teaching, are interested in the museum’s exhibits, or are considering a career in the museum’s focus, such as natural history or art. Parks or Natural Areas Many natural areas are in need of volunteers as well. These places can range from a famous national park to the small playground down the street. Examples of work: Planting trees, collecting trash, designing gardens, creating new walking paths, and collecting data on wildlife. Good for people who:are interested in the environment or enjoy being outdoors. Note that these ideas are just starting points- definitely think about your own interests, research the options, and then branch out to find a really good fit! What's Next? Thinking about doing community service in a foreign country? Read our guide on whether you should participate in a volunteer abroad program. Do you want to know more about community service in general? Read our guide on what community service is, how it benefits you, and how to start getting involved. Wondering how your community service can help you apply to college? We have a guide that explains how to write about your extracurriculars on college applications.

Public International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public International law - Essay Example With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be members of the Council; the Council, with like approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation on the Council. Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that Member of the League.Article 5 All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority of the Members of the League represented at the meeting. Article 6 The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff as may be required. Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council. ... Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council. The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly and of the Council. Article 7 The Seat of the League is established at Geneva, Switzerland. Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the League when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable. ART 3 to 6 Charter of United Nations on MEMBERSHIP requirements have almost the same requirements. PEACE AND ORDER (Art 8 - 17) Article 8. The Members of the League recognises that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations. The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years. After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval and air questions generally. Article 10 The Members of the League

Pure Country and Stereotype Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pure Country and Stereotype - Movie Review Example Stereotype denotes simplified and fixed image of all members of a culture or group. Stereotypes are often based on race, religion, ethnicity, age, gender, and national origins (Stereotypes 2006). In Pure Country, Dusty is the stereotypical country musician-with a big hanging beard and ponytail. In today's modern thinking, mentioning the word country musician would paint a picture of a man with his long hair tied in ponytail and big beard clutching a stringed instrument. This stereotype emerged from the image of popular country musicians like Willie Nelson. This depiction of country musician has a very interesting history. Country music is an integration of the music types in the Southern America including traditional music, Gospel music, Celtic music, blues, and old time music (Peterson 1999). Before the term "country music" is coined and is used to denote to this amalgam, country music is more popularly known as hillbilly music because of its Southern American origin (Peterson 1999). Hillbilly became derogatory as it denotes the stereotypical dwellers of the rural and mountainous areas of southern Appalachia who are described as "free and untrammeled white citizen of Alabama, who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires off his revolver as the fancy takes him" (Harkins 1900). Thus, a country musician being an unprofessional one is the typical hillbilly who thrives in the mountain where shaves and barber shops are unpopular. On the other hand, the story of Pure Country is reflects the romance that viewers would want to get from a love story. The movie revolves on the typical plot that the life of a celebrity is empty without finding true love. In the movie, Dusty is a very popular and accomplished musician yet there is emptiness in his heart. It shows the stereotype that celebrities do not find fulfillment in fame and money. It clearly portrays the sad realities which are not captured by the limelight. In the present world, the life of celebrities has been exposed giving the audience a glimpse of what really happens in the life of showbiz personalities. The emergence of this stereotypical depiction of a celebrities' life is the product of the realities in show business. Britney Spears sings it clearly "She's so lucky, she's a star but she cry, cry, cries in her lonely heart thinking, if there's nothing missing in her life then why do these tears come at night." This stereotype portrayed in the movie bridges the gap between audience and celebrities by stressing that fame does not bring the complete happiness that an individual desires. In a positive way, it enables audience to appreciate the things that they have like family and loved ones instead of aspiring to be admired by fans. The stereotypes explored above are being taken advantage by business organizations to profit in their operations. Country music artists are to depict a stereotypical hillbilly-big beard and long hair. On the other hand, some companies stress the beauty of being a simple individual with family than someone who is rich and famous. An example of another movie with this theme is Family Man which starred Nicholas Cage and Tea Leonie. Stereotypes often hinder society from seeing what is really there, but this

Viral Video Campaign for Morson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Viral Video Campaign for Morson - Essay Example Being a video that can easily be shared over the internet, a viral video has a capability of reaching many people. This hence positions it on a better place to advertise and market a company. Any organization can benefit from viral video technology especially if it gets the right team to do the work. E-commerce is thus in a new league of operation. In a group of four, our assignment on the creation and publicity of a viral video which would see the marketing of Morson international successful began by planning on how we were going to do the assignment. This is because we believed in the ideologies of good plan for a successful work piece. Upon coming up with a work plan, we began by brainstorming on the best methods which would be used in the practical process of coming up with the viral video. A number of methods were proposed but we settled on imaging and animation. This is mainly because these two methods adapt excellently on the internet and has a special feature of diversificati on. In particular for the purpose of E-commerce, the two methods are very crucial in both advertising and marketing. One of the goals of making up the viral clip was to market the recruiting services of Morson International which is both a recruiting company and an engineering consulting firm. Publicizing it on its recruitment services was the main agenda of our assignment. After identifying the two methods, the ideals of what to next much depended on Morson. The story line to be put on the board was supposed to be verified by Morson. Morson added that Arabic language be incorporated in the storyline as they intended to change their website some day in Arabic. Working on the video began by using a flash mx platform. A flash is simple and very flexible hence it was of great importance here. The parts were animated and imagined in a sequential manner beginning with graduate man, end contract, fired man, magic lamp and then genie scenes. The second phase of this video making included introducing the images that described the company. The animation and imaging were successful and now uploading the content was the remaining thing. The content was uploaded and of which it was translated in Arabic and English. The finished video clip was given to Morson who upon keenly looking at it, a feedback was given. The feedback required some changes which among others included having a proper timing. The proper timing would accommodate both slow and fast readers. This aspect was to enhance message delivery to everybody in the fairest way. The last slide was also changed to put more emphasize on the morson.com instead of morson.com/recruitment which would only sell the recruiting department. Grammar was perfected especially in those areas where it seemed wanting and some parts which portrayed a wrong message like the â€Å"fired man† were removed. An Arabic voiceover was also considered and how to mix the corporate overview and aspects of a viral clip were analyzed and fixed. Upon fixing all the recommendation by Morson, the Arabic voice was recorded and a background sound which accentuated understanding was played. The flash was completed and handed to Morson for publicizing it. Considering that the creation of the video was a major part of the assignment, optimizing its search over the internet was equally important. This was to be both b y us and Morson who uploaded it on YouTube. At the end of the

Corparate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Corparate finance - Essay Example In the case of Hoad limited the capital investment is the resources needed to acquire new and replace old production equipment. Organizations should come up with efficient capital investment plans for how the budget should be allocated and how the financing will be acquired. An organization can obtain funds through two approaches namely equity and debt. Equity investments refer to a situation where the company offers ownership to investors or uses retained earnings to finance projects (Dow, 2009: p.91). In the case of Hoad limited, the retained earnings and issuing of more stock won’t be adequate to fund their intended capital expenditure. The other option that is viable to Hoad limited is the use of debts. Debt financing involves acquiring investors who receive a promise of future payments without acquiring ownership of the organization (Dow, 2009: p.91). Deciding on the best funding approach is relevant for Hoad Limited given that investment is a crucial component for organizations. Though markets may be the preferred mode of financing in developed countries for organizations, establishing an alternative finance option is critical in regions with underdeveloped stock exchange (Allen, Carletti, Qian, & Valenzuela, 2012: 4). In regions with under-developed stock exchange, a well-established system is crucial in exploiting the gains from trade. These opportunities ought to be matched with relevant funding based on the standard and non-standard sources and also domestic and international sectors. Before Hoad limited decides on the best approach to adopt in acquiring debts to finance the capital expenditure, the organization has to evaluate its capital structure and determine the best way forward. The business has to decide whether to use more equity or more debt in its capital structure (Dow, 2009: p.95). The company can increase its expected returns when the return from a capital investment is greater than the cost of

U06d2 Legal Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U06d2 Legal Reporting - Essay Example There are several issues that are covered by the law and these include abuses like sexual abuse, child abuse or any form of misconduct with the elderly (Pozgar G. D., 2006). Also, any form of misconduct or irresponsibility shown in regards to communicable diseases can also be reported and filed against. To ensure the best for all within the society and also at the healthcare centers, the doctors and the healthcare centers are required to participate in reporting any form of suspected child abuse or elderly abuse (Syrett, 2008). The government is very strict in these matters and is working towards the well being of all within the society. The health care workers are also liable to report any rapes, harassment, and all birth and deaths are also expected to be kept up – to – date to ensure an accurate census. The government has allowed for the health care personnel to participate and help the society by reporting any kind of suspicious behavior, however if this right and responsibility is dishonored and misused to falsely report, then the individual can also be faced with serious consequences like civil and even criminal obligations (Pozgar, Santucci, & Pinnella, 2009). There have also been a number of processes and reporting systems that have been implemented to ensure that all healthcare organizations report the incidents and any form of any communicable disease is curbed at the starting point itself. The states also have laws to curb the possibility of any new disease to spread and to create an epidemic (Pozgar G. D., 2006). To be able to curb this, the government requires the state to report any and all irregular or unexpected similar symptoms in numerous patients. To also ensure higher safety and security of the patients and the processes being accurate in the healthcare industry th ere is a requirement to also report any errors from the health care end (Nathanson, 1995). Along with the safety of

Corparate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Corparate finance - Essay Example In the case of Hoad limited the capital investment is the resources needed to acquire new and replace old production equipment. Organizations should come up with efficient capital investment plans for how the budget should be allocated and how the financing will be acquired. An organization can obtain funds through two approaches namely equity and debt. Equity investments refer to a situation where the company offers ownership to investors or uses retained earnings to finance projects (Dow, 2009: p.91). In the case of Hoad limited, the retained earnings and issuing of more stock won’t be adequate to fund their intended capital expenditure. The other option that is viable to Hoad limited is the use of debts. Debt financing involves acquiring investors who receive a promise of future payments without acquiring ownership of the organization (Dow, 2009: p.91). Deciding on the best funding approach is relevant for Hoad Limited given that investment is a crucial component for organizations. Though markets may be the preferred mode of financing in developed countries for organizations, establishing an alternative finance option is critical in regions with underdeveloped stock exchange (Allen, Carletti, Qian, & Valenzuela, 2012: 4). In regions with under-developed stock exchange, a well-established system is crucial in exploiting the gains from trade. These opportunities ought to be matched with relevant funding based on the standard and non-standard sources and also domestic and international sectors. Before Hoad limited decides on the best approach to adopt in acquiring debts to finance the capital expenditure, the organization has to evaluate its capital structure and determine the best way forward. The business has to decide whether to use more equity or more debt in its capital structure (Dow, 2009: p.95). The company can increase its expected returns when the return from a capital investment is greater than the cost of

Introduction to Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Microeconomics - Essay Example Table 3 shows the trend in oil supply. Generally, oil supply shows an increasing trend just like price and demand, albeit at a slower pace. Supply grew by only 13.38 during the period. It should also be noted that dips in oil prices are matched by corresponding shrinks in the total supply. Oil supply also dropped during 1998, 2001, and 2002. The law of demand states that "All else equal, as price falls, the quantity of demanded rises, as price rises, the quantity demanded falls" (McConnel and Brue 2002, pp. 41). This declares that there is an inverse or negative relationship between price and demand. Tables 1 and 2 above shows the generally increasing trend in oil prices as well as oil demand which clearly violate the law of demand. In a situation where the oil price is rising, we must expect that the quantity demanded to fall as it discourages the purchases of higher priced commodities. However, the mounting demand notwithstanding the rise in prices can be explained by the factors which are exogenous or are outside the price-demand model. During the past years, there has been a boom in the automobile industry due to the increased purchases of cars and other transportation systems. The airline industry is also showing slight recovery with the proliferation of low cost carriers and the strong activity in the tourism sector. This trends and developments in the global market become the key drivers of oil demand. As the nation and the world as a whole, are becoming more and more industrialized, we also became more dependent on oil to fuel our technologically more advanced equipments. Nowadays, the importance of the oil industry can never be overstated. International demand for oil has also been increasing in order to support the growing economies of the prospective giants like China (Some factors 2005). Insufficiency in this resource will surely facilitate the spillover of negative externalities in the entire economy. Oil has become a necessity. Higher prices have not strongly hindered customers from purchasing their much needed fuel to facilitate the efficiency of their everyday activities. On the other hand, the law of supply can be stated as follows: "As price rises, the quantity supplied rises, as price falls, the quantity supplied also falls" (McConnel and Brue 2002, pp.47). This gives price and quantity supplied a positive or direct relationship. Tables 1 and 3 shows that both oil price and quantity supplied is generally in a upward trend with corresponding dips in 1998, 2001, and 2002. This shows a close positive relationship between the two variables as well as the responsiveness of quantity supplied to oil prices. The empirical evidence shows that the oil industry follows the law of supply. The oil industry has been adjusting to the higher global demand by increasing its production. Oil companies have been very keen in taking the opportunity of producing higher oil quantity in order to accommodate the expected mount in global demand. Although economies of scale must have

A Love After God’s Own Heart Essay Example for Free

A Love After God’s Own Heart Essay What is the foundation of Christianity? If the question being discussed is whether something is ideally Christian, then the motivation behind Christianity must be understood. The basic outline of Christianity is simple. Man exists in a fallen and depraved state. Christ died on the cross to conquer death and atone for all humanity. Those who acknowledge their need for a Savior and place their faith in this gift, shall have eternal life. That leads to the logical question of why. Why should Christ sacrifice himself for such undeserving people? Therein is found that basis, that motivation behind Christianity. Love. The Bible says, â€Å"For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.† (NASB Jn. 3.16). Love is the heart of Christianity. God sent his Son to pay the ultimate cost for sinners because He loves them so much. Indeed, all truly Christian actions are committed out of out of love. Christ said while he was on the earth, â€Å"By this all men will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another.† (NASB Jn. 13.35) Christianity starts and ends with love. Love is the root of Christianity and it is also the outward manifestation of Christ in a life. God is love. Therefore, though Silas Marner is at first estranged from both God and man, the Christ-mirroring love he bestows upon Eppie is a clear reflection of God’s own nature and is ideally Christian. George Eliot’s Silas Marner details the life of a solitary linen weaver. Silas Marner lives a life of seclusion in the town of Raveloe for 15 years while dealing with deeply inflicted emotional wounds. He loses his faith in God and his fellow man. Marner’s lone refuge is the coins he earns. He treasures them not for their monetary value, but for their companionship. Meanwhile, there is an alternate storyline of Godfrey and Dunsey Cass; sons of a wealthy landowner. The latter is a slobbering drunk while the other is well thought of. However, the former has a secret wife and child, and the knowledge of this allows the drunk to blackmail his elder brother. One day the drunk chances upon the empty house of the linen weaver. He discovers the coins and steals them. When Silas Marner discovers his loss, he elicits the help of the villagers. They search extensively for the coins, but to no avail. No one knows who has taken the coins, but Godfrey is delighted by Dunsey’s absence. On New Year’s Eve, the Cass family throws a large party and Godfrey attempts to woo the respected Nancy Lammeter. Meanwhile, Godfrey’s wife tries to bring their child to the Cass home and proclaim Godfrey’s secret to the world. However, being under the influence of opium, she falls asleep on the snowy ground. The child wanders into the nearby house of Silas Marner. When Marner finds the child and eventually the mother, he rushes to the Cass house for the doctor. The woman is found to be dead and as no father comes forth for the child, Marner claims it as his own. He names the child Eppie and does his best to raise her. He is often given motherly advice by his friend Mrs. Winthrop. Sixteen years go by and Eppie is now 18. Godfrey is married to Nancy. Godfrey regrets not claiming Eppie and decides it is time for her to come live with them. He tells Silas and Eppie the truth and asks Eppie if she wants to come live with him and his wife. Eppie declines, saying Silas is the only father she has known. Later, while a pit is being drained near Silas’ house, the body of Dunsey is discovered and with it Silas’ money, which is returned to him. Silas uses the money to return to his old home for closure on his past wounds, but the entire place is gone. When Silas returns, Eppie gets married to Mrs. Winthrop’s son and the story concludes with Eppie and her husband living happily with Silas. The child Eppie does not have a father, so Silas Marner adopts her as his own. Eppie quite literally wanders into Silas’ life and though she should not have to be his responsibility, he takes it upon himself to be her father. â€Å"Till anybody shows they’ve a right to take her away from me,† said Marner. â€Å"The mother’s dead and I reckon it’s got no father: it’s a lone thing- and I’m a lone thing† (Eliot 679). Though he shows it in his own peculiar way, Silas takes great compassion on this homeless, parentless girl. This is the first way Silas Marner shows God’s love to Eppie. God is obviously not a â€Å"lone thing,† having existed for eternity past in perfect harmony with the Trinity. However, he does take compassion on poor, lost people. God is the Father to all who place their faith in Jesus Christ. â€Å"For you have not received a Spirit of slavery leading to fear again, but you have received a Spirit of adoption as sons by which we cry out, Abba! Father! The Spirit himself testifies with our Spirit that we are children of God† (NASB Ro. 8. 15-16). Silas Marner adopts Eppie and becomes her father who she can always rely on. God adopts sinners who come to him and becomes their Everlasting Father in whom they can rely. The clear correlation between the two is the first way Silas Marner reflects God’s nature and ultimately Christian ideals. As Silas has this Christ-like love for Eppie, he naturally wants to protect her and help her grow. This gives Silas a completely new outlook on his surroundings and his normal everyday life. â€Å"As some man who has a precious plant to which he would give a nurturing home†¦and asks industriously for all knowledge that will help him to satisfy the wants of the searching roots, or to guard leaf and bud from invading harm† (689). Silas’ new role is to do all he can to keep Eppie safe. Eppie is young and inexperienced and vulnerable. Silas watches out for her and keeps her away from trouble because he knows better. Jesus Christ does the same thing for believers. He protects Christians from the Devil’s schemes as well as from their own folly. The Bible often describes this relationship with the analogy of a shepherd and his flock. â€Å"Like a shepherd He will tend his flock, In his arm he will gather the lambs and carry them in His bosom; He will gently lead t he nursing ewes† (NASB Is. 40.11). Silas is gently leading his nursing ewe, Eppie. Silas, in protecting and shepherding Eppie, is portraying distinctly Christian ideals. Eppie does not do anything to gain Silas’ love and likewise she can do nothing to lose it. Before she does any of the things that Silas later comes to love, Silas loved Eppie. Silas loves her from the first night she toddled into his home. She does not earn his love, it is based on Silas’ goodness and not Eppie’s merit. That is why she cannot lose it. It does not depend on her performance. â€Å"Here was a clear case of aberration in a christened child which demanded severe treatment; but Silas, overcome with compulsive joy†¦could do nothing but snatch her up and cover her with half sobbing kisses† (687). This is such a beautiful picture of what Christ does for the believer. Eppie runs off and disobeys Silas. He tirelessly pursues her until he finally catches her. Christians likewise stray from the fold of God, but Christ pursues them and is overjoyed to find them and bring them back. â€Å"If any man has a hundred sheep and one of them has gone astray, does he not leave the 99 on the mountains and go and search for the one that is straying? If it turns out that he finds it, truly I say to you, he rejoices over it more than over 99 which have not gone astray† (NASB Mt. 18.12-13). This is how Silas feels for Eppie. Silas mirrors God with his unmerited and unconditional love for his daughter. Silas loves Eppie so much he is willing to sacrifice his happiness for her betterment.   Silas on the other hand, was again stricken in conscience and alarmed lest Godfrey’s accusation should be true- lest he should be raising his own will as an obstacle to Eppie’s good. For many movements he was mute, struggling for the self-conquest necessary to the uttering of the difficult words. They came out tremulously. â€Å"I’ll say no more. Let it be as you will. Speak to the child. I’ll hinder nothing. (714) Godfrey has now come and is asking Eppie to come live with him and his wife. Eppie is the absolute joy of Silas’ life. Even so, with those words, Silas is letting her go. He is relinquishing his daughter and his happiness that she might have a higher station in life. This is a truly sacrificial love. This again is in keeping with the Christian model Silas has been following all along. â€Å"But he was pierced through for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities; The chastening for our well-being fell upon him and by his scourging we are healed† (NASB Is. 53.5). The greatest sacrifice of all is Jesus’ death on the cross. Obviously Silas Marner is not crucified for Eppie, but he is willing to sacrifice his entire happiness for her betterment. Silas’ small sacrifice is a shadow of the Lord’s great sacrificial love for his people and clearly Christian. Sometimes this story is thought to have too many coincidences or be too much like a fairy tale to have realistic Christian ideals, but the Bible clearly disproves this. God is in control and He has a plan for everything. There are no coincidences in His eyes. It is not a coincidence that Eppie comes to Silas’s door. Silas then honors God with love he shows Eppie and God rewards him with happiness and fulfillment. It is a lie of the Devil that happy endings are only for fairy tales. Christians know Jesus wins in the end over evil. That is the happiest ending of all. â€Å"For I know the plans that I have for you,† declares the Lord, â€Å"plans for welfare and not for calamity to give you a future and a hope† (NASB Jer. 29.11). When the Christian is trusting in God’s plan and honoring Him, he can see that Silas Marner is a great story about a man who honored God with his love. Silas Marner’s love for Eppie is adoptive, protective, unconditional, and sacrificial. This clearly reflects the Lord’s love for his own children and thus the ideals in this novel are Christian. Works Cited Eliot, George. â€Å"Silas Marner.† Adventures in Appreciation. Laurence Perrine. Ed. et al. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973. 390-472. Print. NASB. Anaheim: Foundation Publications Inc., 1996. Print. Taylor

Three Pinned Portal Frame

Three Pinned Portal Frame This report found that plot 400 has many dead loads, live / imposed loads and wind loads in action on the buildings portal frame. The building has a simple 3 pinned portal frame / arch structure which have been designed to resist all loads that are applicable. The building also has structural actions and different modes of collapse which act upon the supporting columns, rafter beams and supporting main beams of the portal frame. The diagrams that have been produced illustrate how the different structural sections deform and how they would fail in the event of a mod of collapse, for example torsion, shear, fatigue or even compression. The building has also been sketched and CAD drawings provided along with photographs of both the inside and outside structure which can be seen in appendix 4 of the report. This report has also listed the clients functional and spatial requirements and the applicable governing legislation which controls the design and use of buildings in England and Wales. Contents Page. Page No. 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Brief 4 3.0 Structure Appraisal 3.1 Site Location 5 3.2 Building Function 6 3.3 Building Regulations 7 3.4 Building Drawings 8 3.5 Loadings 9 16 3.6 Structural Actions 17 24 3.7 Structural Stability 25 26 3.8 Deformation and Mode of Collapse 27 31 4.0 Conclusion 32 33 5.0 Bibliography 34 6.0 References 35 7.0 Appendix 7.1 Appendix 1 Site Location Plan 37 7.2 Appendix 2 Schedule of Drawings 38 7.3 Appendix 3 Schedule of Photographs 39 7.4 Appendix 4 Photographs 40 Introduction. Buildings today are built to accommodate many different processes and purposes within the built environment. When a building is at the feasibility stage, many key items must be considered to ensure that the building which is delivered to the client meets all the functional requirements and is built in accordance with all the relevant legislation which governs the construction industry and the built environment. Some of the key design parameters would be:- Spatial requirements Materials used Underlying use of building Method of Construction Finishes Location Size Maintenance Considerations Access and Use Planning restrictions This report will identify a building and investigate the design and comment on how the design meets the functional requirements for which it has been constructed. Additional details such as drawings, photographs and sketches will also be provided to support this report. Brief This report has been produced to appraise a given structure. The structure that has been chosen is Plot 400 at Ascot Drive, Derby in the East Midlands. The building will be identified and suitable location plans will be provided for the site. The buildings purpose will be explained in relation to its functional requirements and sketches and drawings will be provided to detail the building. These drawings will be provided by hand and also by auto computer aided design technology. Having described the building and its function, this report will then identify several different loads that the buildings portal frame must withstand with descriptions on how this portal frame is designed to resist such loads. Many different structural actions are in force within the buildings main portal frame and load bearing elements, mainly:- Tension Compression Shear Bending Shell action Plate action Joints Arches Suspension beams Truss rafters Having described these structural actions the report will then discuss how Plot 400 is designed and constructed to resist any overturning against dead loads, wind loads and fire conditions. Finally sketches will be produced to show how the main load bearing elements of Plot 400 could deform under the action of several different loads, should the structure not be designed correctly to resist these loads and different modes of collapse or other possible failures will be described. Conclusions will be made on the reports findings and the report will include appended drawings and a photograph schedule. 3.0 Structural Appraisal 3.1 Site Location The proposed building is located in Derby within the East Midlands. The full site address is:- Plot 400 Ascot Business Park Longbridge Lane Derby Derbyshire DE24 Site location plans can be seen in appendix 1 which shows Plot 400 in relation to plots, 100, 250, and 550 off Longbridge Lane. Appendix 1 also shows views from satellites and road location maps. < www.multimaps.com> Photographs of Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 4. 3.2 Building Function The building at Derby, Plot 400 has been commissioned by the client Pattonair Limited to store, distribute and package parts for the aviation industry. The building is to also allow space for ancillary processes such as ordering, accounts, HR, legal and every day processes such as welfare facilities. The 3 storey office accommodation which is located to the front elevations of the building will cater for the following processes:- Accounting (payments, orders etc.) Orders Management (staff, products) Human resources Legal responsibilities General communications and data transfer Information Technology Welfare facilities (eating, washing toilets etc.) Parking (staff and visitors) Meetings Protection of occupants from the elements (wind, rain, snow, cold and sun/heat). The warehouse is a single storey building with a 3 storey office block attached to the front elevation (North Elevation). The warehouse also includes a 3 storey mezzanine structure supported off the existing warehouse slab as shown in appendix 4 items 11, 22, 16, 24. The main functions of the warehouse space are:- Storage (mezzanine level) Production Packaging Manual handling and labelling Distribution Protection of goods from the elements (wind, rain, snow, cold and sun/heat) Protection for occupants and employees from the elements Accommodation of occupants for processes The building must therefore be designed to provide all these functions so that it will meet the clients functional requirements for them to run a business. 3.3 Building Regulations and Planning Permissions Now that the designers are aware of what functional requirements the building must provide, the design team must also ensure that the building meets with all the current legislation, these are mainly, for a building of this size and use:- The Town and Country Planning act 1990 The Building Act 1984 The Building Regulations 2000 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulation 2007 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 The Workplace (Health and Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 These regulations apply to the building in both construction and occupation, the last 3 regulations only apply upon occupation of Plot 400. 3.4 Building Drawings Having taken photographs and inspected the building, sketches will now be produced of the building. 3.5 Loadings Buildings in England and Wales must be designed in accordance with Approved Document A of the Building Regulations 2000. This document sets out minimum standards for all types of buildings and specifies that buildings must:- be constructed so that the combined dead, imposed and wind loads are sustained and transmitted by it to the ground Safely : and Without causing such deflection or deformation of any part of the building, or such movement of the ground, as will impair the stability of any part of another building ODPM. (2004) Buildings generally are designed for primary and secondary loads. Primary loads are loads which act on a building in the first instance and can also be called principal loads, these loads are Dead loads Imposed loads Wind loads Dead loads Dead loads are loads which are applied to a structure and are generally permanent and stationary in action. The largest factor of dead loads is usually the self weight of the structural member itself for example:- Steel column Steel beam/rafter/perlin etc Pre cast floor plank/beam/stair Cladding (roof and walls) Windows Services (lights, sprinklers, HVAC) Imposed loads Imposed loads are also called live loads and these constitute loads which are movable and generally act on a structure when it is occupied. Examples of live loads are:- People Furniture Cars Computers Products (retail and storage) Animals Imposed loads can be further sub divided into imposed floor loads and imposed roof loads which are given in British Standard BS 6399 Part 1 : Code of practice for dead and imposed loads 1996. Wind loads Wind loads are as they sound, loads which are applied to a building in England and Wales due to negative and positive pressures both within and outside the building in question. Wind loads can sometimes course actions to a building which may not have been considered and this load is the largest loading failure on the majority of buildings in England and Wales. Wind loads of course vary depending on:- Geographical location Degree of exposure Building height and size/shape Time of exposure Wind direction Positive or negative pressures created SEWARD, D. (2003) Having discussed primary loads, it is also essential that secondary loads are also considered in the design of every building. Secondary loads are caused mainly by the following factors:- Temperature change within the element or surrounding elements such as walls, floors, plaster, blockwork, brickwork, finishes etc. Shrinkage of materials/members such as plaster, timber, concrete etc. Settlement of supports such as supporting columns, foundations, load bearing walls/floors and supporting beams. SEWARD, D. (2003) These loads are actions which effect the buildings supporting structure and the actions can be separated into 3 different categories. The dead loads in a building are classified as permanent actions. The imposed loadings for floors and roofs (snow loads) are classified as variable actions. The most recent action to now be included within the British Standard and approved document A of the building regulations is disproportionate collapse which is an accidental action. The recent regulation states that:- The building shall be constructed so that in the event of an accident the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the cause. ODPM. (2004) Within the guidance there are 3 main classes as shown in the table below:- (Table taken from Approved Document A of the Building Regulations 2004, ODPM.) Plot 400 at Derby is classified as a 2A Building as the warehouse is single storey and the offices do not exceed 4 storeys. The way in which Plot 400 has been designed to resist disproportionate collapse is via effective horizontal ties of all suspended floors to walls, mainly the first and second floor pre- cast planks to the supporting steel beams. This was achieved with welded shear studs concreted into the pre- cast units at the external perimeter. These loads are now known as accidental actions and have been introduced because of the incident that happened at the World Trade Centre, New York, America. This incident caused an outcome which was disproportionate to the accident/attack and now all buildings have to be designed to resist such failures. Ronan point may also come under this classification. Plot 400 has been designed to resist and withstand the following loads:- Dead loads from structural elements Dead loads from services Dead loads from finishes Dead loads from the external envelope Imposed loads from people (UDL) Imposed loads from products (UDL) Imposed loads from furniture (UDL) Imposed loads from computers (UDL) Imposed loads from conveyors within the warehouse (UDL) Wind loads to the Portal frame uplift Snow loads to the supporting roof structure Wind loads deflection Wind loading resistance to overturning Hydrostatic Pressure (p) against all pad foundation bases All these loads are applicable to the supporting structure of Plot 400. The supporting structure is made up of the following elements:- Pad Foundations which support columns Columns which support rafters Rafters which support the roof structure Secondary rafters which support roof and wall cladding These details can be seen in appendix 4 items 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 25, 26, 28. These elements are all designed to resist the previously mentioned loadings. The way in which this is achieved is by applying the following specification. The whole building is designed to transmit all dead, imposed, snow and hydrostatic loads safely to the ground. Dead Loads The dead loads are carried by all supporting beams, foundations and columns into the ground. Each section is sized on the amount of dead, imposed and wind load (maximum) that could be applied to the section at any one time. The section of each supporting element is governed by the following factors:- Second movement of area (I) Elastic modulus (Z) Maximum bending capacity Maximum shear capacity Maximum compression capacity Maximum torsion capacity As each of these factors is increased, the size of section also increases Live Loads The Live loads generally affect the bending movement and deflection values of beams and floors/roofs etc. Live loads are again designed against by increasing the section of material to resist the applied load. Live loads can also be considered with the inclusion of bracing and gusset plates or stiffening plates etc. These plates are some times included to reduce the live load affecting the size of section, in particular if the live load of a beam was particularly high (for example in a gymnasium or dance hall etc) the beams of that floor could be designed to resist the live load in the following manner:- Larger section depth so that x x is increased making the beam stiffer. Smaller spacings of beams to create a stiffer floor. Decrease the amount of allowable deflection, thus increasing the size of the beams possibly. Stiffening plates to the beam sections to reduce the amount of I (second movement of area). Wind Loads All buildings must be designed to resist both vertical and horizontal loads. If a building is designed to resist only vertical loads the possible deformation of the structure could take place. This can be seen in appendix 2 diagram 11 which shows a portal frame building which has only been designed to resist vertical loads. This structure has not been considered for possible horizontal loads and the failure of the elements is shown (The horizontal load could be a wind loading). (Drawing adapted from SEWARD, D . (2003) Buildings must also be designed for uplift. This is applied to a building when a prevailing wind acts directly onto the side elevation of a building. This can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 9. This diagram shows how the wind load acts into the building causing positive pressures inside the building and causing uplift. The way in which buildings are designed to resist uplift is as follows:- The buildings overall mass may be increased to provide a sufficient dead load (weight to resist any vertical uplift forces.) The buildings foundations can be oversized so that the buildings mass again is increased and the uplift force resisted. The buildings shape and size can also be designed so that the wind load does not increase and uplift can not be applied, or is reduced to a minimum. Such items as low buildings or buildings with sharp narrow elevations can reduce the amount of uplift. SEWARD, D (2003). The building may also encounter a sway case wind load. This wind load is generally created when the wind blows onto the side elevation of a portal frame building and can be seen in appendix 2 drawing 10. This diagram shows how the wind causes external pressures to the portal frame. Internal pressures are irrelevant in this condition. The way that portal frames are designed to resist wind loads from such directions can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 7 and diagram 4 (wind bracing). These diagrams show bracing within grid lines 19 20 and 1 2 (diagram 4) and bracing in bays A B (diagram 7). Bracing will also be provided in bays 1 2 and 19 20 vertically so that the roof bracing transmits all wind loads to the outer walls for which in turn, transmit the load safely to the ground. When the wind blows perpendicular to the frame as in appendix 2, diagram 10, the stability is maintained by the rigid joints of the portal frame connections at both foundation/column and rafter/column locations. In buildings where the frame is not a portal frame the design is some what different. When buildings such as houses and apartment blocks or office blocks are built, which do not have a portal frames, shear walls are provided to maintain lateral support and resistance against wind loadings. There are 5 main designs which can be provided to resist wind loads mainly:- Shear walls parallel as in diagram 12, appendix 2. Shear walls at the ends of a building shown in diagram 13, appendix 2. Diagonal Bracing at the ends of a building as shown in diagram 14, appendix 2. Central Core structure as the main support in a tall building as shown in diagram 15, appendix 2 and finally Arched structures which have an inherent lateral strength and require little additional support. This can be seen in diagram 16, appendix 2. All these options would provide support to resist wind loadings. 3.6 Structural Actions Having described which loads are being applied to Plot 400, this report will now identify the different structural actions which may be taking place within the structural elements. The main structural frame of Plot 400 consists of:- Supporting pad foundations Supporting columns Supporting first and second floor beams to the office area Supporting rafters to the roof Supporting secondary rafters to the cladding (Z perlins) The main structural actions that may be acting on the structural elements are as follows:- Tension stress Compression stress Shear stress Bending/Flexure (axial and bending) stress Torsion Deflection Tension Tension in objects is caused when a material/element is stretched outside its normal parameters. For example the rafter beams supporting the roof of Plot 400, as shown in appendix 2, diagram 6 and diagram 17 shows how the top section of the supporting rafter is in tension and the underside of the beam is in compression. Tension is a reaction force applied by the action force, in this case the self weight of the beam and roof cladding, acting on the support rafter. Compression Compression acts mainly in a single direction and small compression members are usually known as struts, larger sections are known as columns or traditionally as stanchions. When a column is under compression it can variably fail in two areas, mainly under compressive strength/crushing and buckling. SEWARD, D . (2003) The elements within Plot 400 that are under compression are the supporting columns which support the rafters and supporting main beams of the first and second floors. These columns can be seen in appendix 4 items 6, 10, 16, 17, 23, 25. The supporting mezzanine legs of the mezzanine floor are also in compression as shown in appendix 4, item 2. Shear Shear stress is a force which acts parallel or tangential to the face of the connection, material or element. The shear stress factor of a material is the ability or strength of the material to resist itself sliding (molecular structure). If the material has a high shear stress factor its molecular structure will be strong, preventing the molecules from parting easily. The items which are in shear stress in Plot 400 will be the column/rafter connections and the column/beam connections. These connections will experience shear across the connecting bolts and fixing plates. Bending Bending, also known as flexure is the force which acts perpendicular to the axis of the element. For example on a simply supported beam, the bending moment acts perpendicular against the x x axis. This bending moment then causes compression and tension on the beam as in diagram 17, appendix 2. This bending moment also causes shear parallel to the lateral loading. Plastic bending can also occur in a material, this is when the stresses exceed the materials yield strength and all supporting elements in Plot 400 will have been designed so that the yield is not exceeded and therefore plastic bending should not occur. The bending stresses applicable to the steel frame in Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 18. This diagram shows the maximum bending moments applicable to the frame of Plot 400 which has been designed as a Ridgid Portal Frame. This diagram also shows the point of contra flexure, the point at which there is no bending in the beams/rafters and columns. CHUDLEY, R, GREENO, R (2004). Torsion Torsion is the torsional moment or torque, which like a bending moment has the units of force X distance (KNM). There are two types of torsion, compatibility torsion and equilibrium torsion. Compatibility torsion is caused when a steel column or member has to twist to accommodate the deflection of another member. This happens when say 2 supporting beams have to deflect (twist) to accommodate the deflection of the centrally supported beam. Equilibrium torsion is when a load is off centre to the central axis of the supporting member, the connections of this support must be of sufficient strength otherwise the element will fail. The best way to eliminate torsion is to ensure that the supporting beam/element is placed directly under the supported load, for example placing an I beam so that the Y Y axis is central to the load. SEWARD, D . (2003) The elements within Plot 400 are not under direct torsion. The way that all supporting beams/rafters have been designed is with the I beam placed centrally under the supported loads. Deflection Deflection is the amount of movement or deflection that a structural member experiences when put under load. The amount of allowable deflection is set out in the building regulations and is set to stop alarm and panic of building users. Other reasons are to stop any damage being caused to finishes such as plaster and wall coverings etc. Deflection is also limited to stop movement and possible cracks being caused which may cause water penetrations and structure damage, for example a roof deflecting more than the allowable limit may mean that tiles become separated and allow water to penetrate into the roof space. The elements of Plot 400 will all be under deflection. The rafters supporting the roof, the beams supporting the upper floors and the columns supporting the rafters will all be subjected to deflection. The reason they do not fail, or should not fall is due to the fact that the allowable deflection will have been calculated and each section will deflect, but will not deflect outside its design limit. Shell Roofs A shell roof can be defined as a structural curved skin/material over a given plan shape. The main design of a shell roof system is:- The roof is primarily a structural skin/element which acts as a single element The basic strength of the roof is determined by the shape The amount of material used to cover a shell roof is generally less than a standard roof design. CHUDLEY, R. GREENO, R. (2004) Shell roofs can be constructed from concrete, steel and timber. The shell action of the roof gives the roof its strength and the building at Derby does not have any shell actions or a shell roof. Joints Plot 400, Ascot Drive, Derby has many joints within the structure. These joints connect columns to pad bases, columns to rafters, rafters to rafters and beams to columns. The main connections within the structure at Plot 400 are:- Welded Connections Bolted Connections (both standard and HSFG) Welded Connections Welded connections are generally created using electric are welding. The main two welds are a butt weld and a fillet weld. The connections in Plot 400 which are welded are all plates to each end of the rafters and main beams. Bolted Connections Bolted connections are provided to support a given load. There are 2 main types of bolted connections:- ordinary bolted connection This connection depends on the strength on contact between the bolt shank and the sides of the hole in the plates. This is commonly known as a dowel-pin action. HSFG High Strength Friction Grip bolted connections rely on tension between the two surfaces being bolted. This connection provides a very high strength ridged connection and is ideal for fixing elements which are subjected to a load reversal such as wind bracing. SEWARD, D. (2003) STROUD FOSTER, J, HARINGTON, R. (2000) This report will now identify the structural elements of Plot 400 which work as a:- Suspension beam Truss Arched structure The following structural elements in Plot 400 are acting as a suspension beam:- Supporting universal beams which are providing support to the pre-cast floor units at First and second floor levels. These can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 5. The following structural elements in Plot 400 are acting as a truss:- ii) The truss rafter beams which are supporting the roof element. These can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 6. The building at Derby does not contain any plate structures or shell structures. However, these items will be described on how they act. Arched Structures Arched structures are a natural shape which inherently has a good level of strength and support. The arch was utilised some 2000 years ago by the Roman Empire as large open spans could be achieved. The support reaction of an arch has a vertical as well as a horizontal component. An arch depends entirely on the ability of its supports to resist the horizontal components without excessive movement. The most common cause of arch failures is due to foundation failure. SEWARD, D. (2003). Examples of arched structures are:- the old Roman aqueducts the Gothic Arch buildings Bridges Portal frame buildings (Plot 400) The common portal frame building today consists mainly of a 3 or 2 pin structure. The building at Derby consists of a 3 pin structure, the central rafters are pinned and both columns are pinned at foundation base level. This type of arch is statically determinate and fairly simple to analyse. Examples for the bending moments applicable to Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 18. The portal frame/arched structure has 3 maximum load cases that must be applied mainly:- maximum vertical load maximum sway maximum uplift (overturning) Once all these cases have been designed into the portal frame, the structure will be sufficient to accommodate all wind, dead, live/imposed and overturning loads. The building at Derby does not contain any shell structure this has already been considered in the previous section. The last remaining item is a plate structure. This is a structure which acts together as a single element in a horizontal plane. The building at Derby does not contain any plat structures; the closest item within the building which may constitute a plate structure is the composite, hollow rib deck floor system. This is a system which comprises of a concrete, in-situ floor which is reinforced to give lateral strength, this composite deck is then connected to the supporting main beams and in some cases positively connected to resist any disproportionate collapse risk. Structural Stability The building at Derby has been designed as a simple portal frame structure which has to provide many functions as detailed in section 3.2 of this report. This section will now discuss how the building has been designed to resist any overturning. The building at derby, Plot 400 has 2 cases of overturning. The fist case of overturning is due to wind loads, these wind loads cause large negative and positive pressures within and outside the building envelope causing an uplift force as on a wing of an aeroplane. The second area of overturning that must be designed into the building is into the Foundation bases which