Photo Aging of Skin

vulnerability Aging of Skin motion picture develop is the inst all(prenominal) of chronic ultraviolet exposure on the flake, and the depot was first utilise by Kligman, dressing in 1986(1). Incidence of Photo aging is increasing in year by year. Photo aging is premature aging of fight, which is a very complex process which powers progressive functional and aesthetic changes in the scratch. Photo aging is in the first place due to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation that is UVa and UVb radiation and can besides be due to genetic grammatical constituents. away from UVa and UVb new(prenominal) rays like infrargond and visible rays atomic number 18 also responsible for Photo aging (2). Photo aging is entirely different from chronological aging. Chronological aging, which is a natural phenomenon and cannot t be crook or prevented like Photo aging and they differ clinically and histologically from Photo aging.Photo aging is characterized by wrinkling of hide, loss of sputter t unity, loss of resilience due to loss of fell strength and peel elasticity. Photo aging appears roughlyly in aras which ar exposed to sunlight like face, neck and back of the hands and is clinical giftation is with deep coarse wrinkles mostly around the eyes, then the mouth and on the forehead, next feature is uneven grate color and dryness, respective(a) spots which are pigmented like fester spot, liver spots that are mottled pigmentations and freckles can also be seen, skin tone leave behind be lost and go away be leathery, spider vein can be seen on the nose, boldness and neck (4).The weapon behind Photo aging relating to UV rays is by producing an in balance between TGF 2 and AP1 abuse, TGF 2 is an activator protein, which promotes collagen drudgery and AP1 is a transcription factor which inhibits collagen production by increasing production of Metalloproteinase which break down collagen and in that respect is another enzyme TIMP which inhibit MMP. In normal skin TIMP and MMP are in balance (5) (6). Whenever we are over exposed to UV rays there is an increased activity of AP1, which in shape increases MMP causes an imbalance between MMP and TIMP. A while from increase increased activity of AP1 there is also decreased grimace of TGF 2. This imbalance leads increased proteolytic activity leading to damage to collagen which depart be corrected if not further exposed to UV rays, but if the skin is further exposed to UV rays damage to collagen give remain as such and skin will be stocked abnormal in the spurt of wrinkles (6).decreased expression of TGF 2 causes decreases production of collagen . This damaged collagen and lack of new normal collagen formation altogether will lead to decrease in quantity of collagen forming leathery skin (fig.)MMPs is hotfootd by UV rays that induces by both UVa and UVb. UVa and UVb act by different mechanisms. UVa act by indirectly activating ROS, which intern produces other effects like lipid peroxidation , transcription factor activation, formation of deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks, unlike UVa, UVb induce MMP by directly producing DNA damage and by ROS(7). Whether its UVa or UVb, ROS generation is the important factor in Photo aging.SUNAP1 ROS Generation TGF 2MMP procollagen productionCollagen break down Imperfect holeInvisible solar scarRepeated UV injuryVisible solar scar (Wrinkling of film agingMitochondrial cellphones main function is to produce readiness for the cell ,which is generated by a process called aerophilic phosphorylation ,which is commonly known as electron transport chain .this oxidative phosphorylation usually form whatsoever error ,resulting in production of ROS which produces oxidative reception. When serviceman skin is exposed to uv rays ,it produces ROS .this ROS will cause damage to mitochondrial DNA which in turn leads to reduce of capacity for oxidative phosphorylation which accelerates production of ROS which again will cause mitochondrial DNA damage and the cycle is repeated resulting in conditions like characterization aging (oxidative damage to mite dna)UVaROSMutations of mitochondrial DNAAccelerationReduced OXPHOS capacityWith the understanding of mechanism of photo aging, galore(postnominal) strategies has been countersink forward for the legal profession and manipulation of photo aging .photo aging can either be prevented by victimization substances which the performance of uv rays on skin or by giving treatment to b low-down photoaging.it is well known that dark people develop less photo aging compared to white skin people which is thought to be due presence of increases melanin. So artificial tanning of skin by using thymine dinucleotide is a way to protect from photo aging (telomere mediated effects).another gamely used way of protecting skin against uv rays is by using organic and inorganic uv filters as sunscreen creams however there is a controversy regarding effectiveness of this sunscreen formula tions.( Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer.As per supra explained mechanism of photo aging its clear that giving an antioxidant will have high amount of benefit and many studies are do with antioxidants. All these strategies are for prevention of photo aging. at that place are also studies with vitamin a, all Trans retinoic acid for repair of already existing damages to the skin. (. (New and emerging treatment for photo aging)Its a known fact that Skin photo aging is caused by the solar rays induce oxidative stress. Apart from the mechanism of imbalanced mmp and action on mitochondrial DNA there are other mechanisms involved in skin photo aging .In a in vivo take on it was shown that when skin get exposed to ultraviolet rays cholesterol undergo O2 oxygenation reply with the help of free radicals and or O2 to form a peroxidation product cholesterol 5 hydro bleach which form cholesterol aldehyde .cholesterol aldehyde modify proteins to form various pathological conditions including photo aging(formation of cholesterol).in another study it was reported that apart from cholesterol another target of 02 oxygenation reaction is unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid and linoleic acid (age related ).this animal studies proved that 02 produced from type ii photosensitized reaction is involved in the injury of skin exposed to chronic UVa by oxidative stress.From above its clear that free radical and or O2 is involved in the process of photo aging, so using an O2 quenching substance like carotenoids will help in prevention of photo aging (singlet oxygen quenching).The normal skin itself has antioxidant protective effects .this antioxidant protective effect are produced by endogenous enzymatic antioxidants like GSH peroxidase ,SOD and catalase as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin E ,vitamin C ,GSH, Uric acid and ubiquinol.when most there is an attack of ROS ,the skin will itself form an antioxidant defense complex the most important one among them is manganese superoxide dismutase (mnSOD) which a mitochondrial enzyme (antioxidant defense mechanism.)whereas when the skin is exposed to uvrays repeatedly this endogenous enzymes has less as evidenced by the less concentration of antioxidant enzyme in photo aged skin ,especially in the epidermis and stratum cornuem. Which makes it mandatory to use an external source of antioxidant when skin is exposed repeatedly to UV rays. (pandet et al)On over all its known that main pathology involved in process of photo aging is oxidative reactions .with the understanding of that many studies have been done with different exogenous antioxidants since 30 years .different has been tried by different questioners .elto a greater extent et al studied with local vitamin C cream .which has shown improvement.boelsma et al in 2001 reported vitamin E compliment the photo protective effect. Ribaya-Mercadoet al.in a study established that lycopene protect against UV induce photo aging in humans. Stahl and Krutmann, 2006 reported in a study that carotenoids gives basal protection against UV induced photo aging. Effect of carotenoids situationly beta carotene was studied by cho et al in 2010 and proved that dietary beta carotene has effect on photo aging. There are some(prenominal) studies done on photo aging with topical tretinoin and most of them has shown positive results one among them is study done by voorches in 1990 where he proved that topical tretinoin reduce the effects of photo aging. Hoppe et al studied with topical coenzyme q10 ,it has shown positive effect in preventing photoaging.richard et al done in vivo study with zinc treated fibroblast ,which showed a positive result in uvr resistance .in 2002 a study was done with resveratrol by afaq and mukhtar ,which showed effective prevention of induced increase in skin thickness .another antioxidant used in study was green tea leaf ,green tea proved to reduce uv induced oxidative stress in a study done by katiyal et al.lu et al done a study with caffeine ,caffeine showed increase in p53 ,slowed cell cycling . Singh and Agarwal, 2002 reported that silymarin prevent photo carcinogenesis. Cocoa was proved to have photo protective effect against uv induced erythema in a study done by Heinrich et al.,Ultraviolet raysUV rays are electromagnetic rays which are naturally emitted from the sun along with other electromagnetic lights like visible and infrared light rays. Electromagnetic spectrum of UV rays extends between x-rays and visible lights that is 40 to 400 nm. UV rays are classified into one-third types depending on its wavelength as UVc (220-290 nm), UVb (290-320) and UVa (320-400 nm). UVa having longer wavelength and the least energy and UVc have short wavelength and high energy, having high energy means its most hazardous but fortunately it doesnt beat ozone layer where as UVa and UVb cross ozone layer in small quantity.UVa is the one responsible for production of tanning with the help melanin pigments when exposed to the sun, which is real a defense mechanism to protect human skin from further exposure to UV rays (2), its also used in vitamin D synthesis, having said so over exposure of UV rays whitethorn cause erythema , toughening of skin and inflammatory reaction to eyes and over exposure for a long term leads to cataract formation ,immunosuppression , Photo aging of skin and skin cancers(3). Artificial UVA lights are childlikely used in health science for phototherapy in case of certain skin conditions like psoriasis for sterilization and disinfection and tanning booths (4)(2) (5).Among skin cancers, non-melanoma skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are more common, but rarely fatal. malignant melanoma and non-melanoma combined leads to 66,000 deaths per year. Another hazard of long term of UV ray exposure on the skin is premature skin aging, photo dermatomes and Actinic keratosis which are due to degenerative changes in cells of the skin, fibrous wander and blood vessels (6).Mixed carotenoidsMixed carotenoids are a combination of different types of carotenoids, in a particular combination. Carotenoids are plant pigment which are having 40 carbon atoms in a molecule (1). Carotenoids are mainly of two types one containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing and other with carbon and hydrogen, which are named xanthophylls and carotenes respectively (2). Carotenoids are plant pigments which are synthesized by plants in higher amount and partially by algae and bacteria(2). Carotenoid is abundant in animals also, which they acquire by eating plants. Carotenoids are of different types around 700 carotenoids have been identified, most commonly uncommitted (3). Carotenoids like lycopene, beta-Cryptoxanthin, beta carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin. Alpha carotene, echinenone. Capsanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and all are commonly available fruits and vegetables like tomato, mango, carrot, citrus lime, green leafy vegetables, mushrooms and all, some of the carotenoids are well absorbed and are deliver in plasma (4) (5) .Carotenoids were considered to be just as provitamin A, and importance of carotenoids in that case is itself considered to be the nonpoisonous reserve of vitamin- A (6)(4) .Recently its discovered that carotenoids are not just provitamin A it has other actions as well, from that stay on immense research has been going on with carotenoids in almost all the system and all over the world (7).Carotenoid is normally fork over in tissue and blood of humans. Adipose tissue is the most abundant one in carotenoids followed by liver and muscle, apart from this tissue carotenoids are also present in other tissues like corpus lithium, adrenal gland, macula lutea (8).Among carotenoids lutein, Cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha carotene, beta carotene are the ones which are commonly available in serum and other tissues like adrenal gland (4)(3). humanity skin contains caroteno ids like -, -, -carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin (9)Carotenoids are proved to be useful in many distempers and its many research is in process also, one of the most important research work related to carotenoids is its useful in cancer, especially in skin cancer, its been found that carotenoids acts in case of cancer by some(prenominal) mechanisms, one is that it protect against nuclear damage and sister chromatid exchange and another is that it when fibroblast are exposed to x rays, UV rays or to any chemicals like Cholanthrene it undergo transformation leading to cancer, carotenoids inhibit this transformation (4). In UV induced skin tumor it proved that carotenoid helped in delaying skin tumors induced by UV rays, over all carotenoids seems to inhibit development of cancer in the initial stage itself (10) (4). Another house or research with carotenoids is in ageing related, immune system, fertility, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus.Carotenoids act by sev eral mechanisms, but the entire mechanism of action is not yet proved in different part of the system, it has different action which is still on research, some of the mechanisms related to cancer has been discussed already. However, one of the well-known action of carotenoids is by an antioxidant mechanism, that is it act against oxidative stress(11). Oxidative stress is a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reaction or a free radical reaction (12). Reactive oxygen species are produced as an abject byproduct of redox reaction which are a part of oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP in mitochondria rays are produced by other redox reaction also, some of the examples of ROS are superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radicals. This reactive oxygen species accumulation will lead to serious problems, which are subdue by killing this race either by enzymatic mechanism or non-enzymatic mechanism. Enzymatic mechanism is by the help of enzymes and non-enzymatic approach i s by the use of antioxidants like ascorbate and glutathione, tocopherol, flavonoids, alkaloids and carotenoids. So normally in human body oxidants are antioxidants are maintained in a balanced state, any break in that balance leads to trouble. But unfortunately the balance is disturbed in day to day life and so there is always a oxidative damage in the process (13) (14) (15).Oxidative stress leads to many problems. Harman in 1956 itself has proposed that ageing is related to oxidative stress. According to him, rose will produce some irreversible deleterious changes to molecules, which was later on approved by many other researchers of past and present, a more elaborate finding was done by Halliwell B. He observed that the rays produced in mitochondria primary target is mitochondrial DNA itself, which leads to further production of Ross and this cycle is repeated leading to ageing. This case is similar when it comes to ageing of skin too, when skin is exposed to UV irradiation and ox idative stress is produced leading to ageing and as explained by Biesalski et al that oxidative stress can be prevented by antioxidants like carotenoids (17) (18). Another of the mechanism involved in photo aging o2 oxygenation of unsaturated lipids in the skin and cholesterol in the skin. This peroxidized cholesterol accumulation partly leads to activation of MMP9 (formation of cholesterol. (Age related when we use carotenoids it inhibit o2 oxygenation of unsaturated lipids and it also inhibit o2 oxygenation of cholesterol which in turn partly suppresses MMP 9 action. (Peroxide cholesterol induced)+participation of singlet oxygen..Advantage of taking carotenoids is that it accumulates in human skin which is commonly known as carotenoderma.carotenoids deposit more in palm of the hand and forehead. And the level of carotenoids present skin is proportional to the amount of carotenoids present in serum and its fortunate human absorb wide variety of carotenoids. (Carotenoderma a review) .one of the reason for abundance of carotenoids in skin is that stratum cornea has a lipid layer which has more affinity to carotenoids. leading more amount of carotenoids in the stratum corneum .Carotenoids protect sperm cell from the rose by its antioxidant property there by maintaining fertility. Carotenoids also has action female fertility by helping the formation of corpus luteum and many other aspects of reproduction as well, though a particular action of it is not known. Carotenoids have other actions like reducing risk of age related macular degeneration(20), they also reduce risk of age related cataracts (21), carotenoids reduce risk of hypertension and ischemic heart disease by lowering Tri acyl glycerol and increasing HDL (22).Apart from this proved effects and mechanisms there are suggestions of many more of effects and mechanisms for carotenoids where immense researches are going on.An intervention study demo that dietary caroteneProtects the human skin from the UV l ight-induced erythema. (38)Stahl et al.(39) found that combination of a relatively low dose oftotal carotenoids (25 mg/day) and vitamin E (RRR--tocopherol335 mg/day) significantly diminished the erythema on dorsal skininduced by illumination with UV light after 8 weeks. They alsorevealed that the intensity of erythema 24 h after the irradiation ofUV light was diminished in a group receiving manifold carotenoidscontaining -carotene, lutein and lycopene (8 mg each/day) for12 weeks.(40) In a separate study, intake of tomato spreading rich inlycopene (40 g/day) was also shown to be effective in the preventionof erythema formation induced by UV light after 10 weeks.(41)These studies strongly suggest that dietary carotenoids accumulatepreferentially in the skin and prevent it from UV-induced photooxidativedamage by acting as antioxidants

Social Inequalities Of Indigenous People

Social Inequalities Of natural PeopleIt would be gravely to deny that for sensation of the smaller representing populations in Australia Indigenous Australians argon the most disadvantaged in many another(prenominal) areas ranging from employment, housing, justice and education among many more. There view been various attempts at overcoming the disadvantages patriarchal people face. For the purposes of this literary works review different literature will be discussed around addressing the brotherly inequality and disadvantage of autochthonous people in relation to ameliorate on the gap in liveliness apprehension and what thorough elements need to be considered for the process to work potently. Views of what has brought ab turn out the low life expectancy will be discussed to highlight the importance of were actions should be targeted. This will then be followed by a review of what actions are in place at the moment.There are competing ideas in the literature as to what is the cause for the life expectancy gap amongst Indigenous and non- endemic Australians, which also give different arguments as to how to address the problem, with one side taking a view of longevity and the other a holistic approach.It is argued that Indigenous Australians health disparities could be narrowed with the improvement of the disparities in health service access, provision and use. As The inabilities to gain comfortable health care due to, distance, heathenish and availability barriers has lead to autochthonous health problems being uniform and prolonged (Healey 2002). up to now Eades of the of the Indigenous health research unit (2000,p.468) argues that a comprehensive approach to improving the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders involves understanding the close transactionhips between their genial and economic status and their health. This holistic view of the social and economical status of Aboriginal people being improved upon to overcome he alth problems sack be come on reinforced through explanations of how psychological and social influences affect physical health and longevity (Wilkinson and Marmount 2003) in which it is stated life expectancy is shorter and most diseases are more common shape up down the social ladder in each society. wellness policy must tackle the social and economical determinants of health (p.10). McMurray and Param (2008) readdress the primary health care aspect and bring in the notion that cultural specific guidelines with-in health structures is the key in improving Aboriginal health. This and ignores the historical issues between Indigenous and non natural relations that affect the life expectancy gap as the situation for indigenous Australians is further exacerbated by racism and prejudice, which nourish marginalised them from various aspects of social and community life, with additional detrimental effects on health (Eades 2000, p.469) and in effect the fear among Aboriginal people of institutional racism (Sweet 2003).Experiences of loss of conventional roles, a history of conflict and dispossession, failed assimilation and passive welfare are not isolated to indigenous Australians but befool been experienced by indigenous peoples of other countries who have been colonised (Banks 2007). The statistics show however that indigenous Australians life expectancy compared to that of non- indigenous Australians to be considerably lower with men 11.5yrs difference women 9.7 yrs (Australian part of statistics, 2010) were as the longevity gap between Mori and non-Mori has closed slightly. The difference in life expectancy at birth of 8.2 years in 2005-07 compares with 8.5 years in 2000-02 and 9.1 years in 1995-97 (statistics New Zealand 2008). Centres for disease Control and Preventions (2010) also show the life expectancy gap in the U.S for Black or African American People to be somewhat lower than Australias and has been also closing slightly as at 1995 the gap wa s 7 years for both sexes and at 2005 has been reduced to 5.1 years.As it has been established that health can be a jobion social determinants, it would be fare to say that the social status and relations of international indigenous people are further along than Australia. Canada, New Zealand and The United States all have specifically designed treaties of political, legal and cultural significance which were designed in consultation with the Indigenous peoples that have established indigenous and non-indigenous relations with governments using treaties and treaty-making as part of a wider approach to developing a better relationship with and addressing the socio-economic problems of indigenous peoples (Brennan et al. 2005, p.99).In Australia there are no such treaties and often the race and state governments have a different belief in how the gap in life expectancy can be overcome to that of many indigenous Australians. This can be seen through the use of policies relating to indi genous affairs. A health impact assessment of the current governments Northern territory Emergency Response (NTER) points out that the Aboriginal understanding of health as having five dimensions cultural, spiritual, social, emotional and physical-within which are a number of layers that reflect historical, traditional and contemporary influences on health (OMara 2010,p.547). It is needed that Indigenous people have greater stamp down over these dimension of their daily lives in order for the indigenous disadvantage to be improved (Maddison 2009). However the summary of findings from the assessment conclude that because of the lack of consultation with the Aboriginal communities and ignoring of cultural elements, the NTER is unlikely to be effective in its aim of improving physical health and improving the social and environmental determinants of health as The HIA predicts that improvements in physical health may be outweighed by negative impacts on the psychological health, spirit uality, and cultural integrity of a high proportion of the Aboriginal population in prescribed communities (Australian Indigenous Doctors experience and Centre for Health legality Training 2010, p.65).There is an evidence base around the relationship between social detriments and psychological and physical health, with implications on health, through the addressing of those social detriments. Within indigenous communities outside Australia, social factors of cultural significance have and continue to be address through consultations with Governments. It is in these countries that statistics show improvements in life expectancy of the Indigenous population. Were as in Australia were this type of consultation and cultural consideration is lacking(p) in Governments initiatives and policies the gap in life expectancy in Australia continues to be a constant impression of Australian indigenous peoples. With the NTER which like past policies also excludes indigenous peoples involvment, being the Governments latest attempt at overcoming the status of appalling health among Australian Aborigines, the gap can be expected to continue.Asked about the governments priorities, indigenous affairs minister Jenny Macklin said that there will be little progress do by spending money on indigenous health without first addressing the chronic social problems that have been eating away at Aboriginal society (Dart 2008, p.247).ReferencesAustralian Bureau of statistics 2010, The Health and Welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Canberra, Viewed 19 October 2010, http//www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/emailprotected/lookup/437BB6CD9D0BCDB8CA2577300017FB8F?opendocumentAustralian Indigenous Doctors Association and Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation 2010, Health Impact Assessment of the Northern Territory Emergency Response , Canberra, viewed 19 October 2010 http//www.aida.org.au/viewpublications.aspx?id=3.Banks, G 2007, Overcoming Indigenou s Disadvantage in Australia, Australian Government Productivity commission, Canberra, viewed 19 October 2010, http//www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/64584/cs20070629.pdfBrennan, S, Behrendt, L, Strelein, L Williams, G 2005, Treaty, The Federation Press, Sydney, NSW.Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2010, Table 26. Life expectancy at birth, at 65 years of age, and at 75 years of age, by race and sex United States, selected years 1900-2005, U.S, Viewed 19 October, http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf026Dart, J 2008, Australias disturbing health disparities set Aboriginals apart, Bulletin of the World Health Organization,vol.86, no.4, pp.245-247, viewed 5 October 2010, retrieved from donnish Search autopsy database.Eades, S 2000, Reconciliation, Social Equity and Indigenous Health, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol.172, viewed 8 October 2010, pp.468-469.Healey, J (ed.) 2002, Aboriginal Disadvantage, The Spinney Press, NSW.Maddison, S 2009, Australia Indige nous Autonomy Matters, Development, vol.52, no. 4, pp.483-489, viewed 19 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.McMurray, A Param, R 2008, Culture Specific allot for Indigenous People A Primary Health Care Perspective, Contemporary Nurse A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, vol. 28, pp.165-172, viewed 22 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.OMara, P 2010, Health Impacts of the Northern Territory Intervention After the Intervention Editorial, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol .192, no.10, viewed 8 October 2010, pp.546-548, http//www.mja.com.au/public/issues/192_10_170510/oma10307_fm.pdf.Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa 2008, New Zealand Life Tables 2005-2007, New Zealand, Viewed 19 October 2010, http//www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/health/life_expectancy/NZLifeTables_HOTP05-07.aspxSweet, M 2003, Carrying a threatening Burden, BMJ British Medical Journal, Vol.327, no.7412, pp.414-414, viewed 5 October 201 0, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.Wilkinson, R Marmot, M (eds.) 2003, Social Determinants of Health The solid Facts, 2nd edn, WHO, Copenhagen, Viewed 23 October 2010, retrieved from http//www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-publish/abstracts/social-determinants-of-health.-the-solid-facts.

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace Bullying Data

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace strong-arm DataBullying behavior was typically experienced on the playground or in spite of appearance the inculcate systems of school age children, but now this multi-causal phenomenon is creation account by adults in the con warmnessmation at an astronomical level. Exploratory question has insinuated that there is not just unitary clear definition of oeuvre de barrierent but a combination of definitions (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). Workplace blustery transpires when an employee encounters a steadfast pattern of ill-treatment from others in the work environment that brings almost harm (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). This type of harassment can consist of such play as verbal, nonverbal, emotional, physical abuse and public disgrace (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). This form of employment hostility is, for the most part, difficult to v alidate because, unlike the classical forms of school blustery, work bullies often function within the traditional regulations and policies of their organization (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). In examining tercet peer-reviewed articles (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014), the researchers employ several different types of descriptive statistics to time piece of work bullyrag (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). Therefore, it is important to describe descriptive statistics info and the different methods apply that restarts the assay and the measures (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). In combination with charts and graphic analysis (Jackson, 2016), descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) organize the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of entropy which were used by apiece researcher to describe body of work bully ing (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014) as it affects ones physical health (depression), on how function stressors can influence bullying behavior and the academic levels of the individuals being bullied (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014).First, is to define descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of information that helps describe (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015), illustrate or summarize data in a area, for example, such as patterns of large come of data (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) do not, however, allow one to make conclusions beyond the data that is analyzed or reach conclusions regarding any hypotheses that might create made (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). They are simply a way to describe ones data (Jackson, 201 6 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, Chipps et al., (2013) get illustrates the incidence of workplace bullying among preoperative RNs, surgical technologists, and unauthorized preoperative personnel in two academic medical centers (Chipps et al., 2013). The study sought to determine whether the demographic variable quantitys of gender, ethnicity, hospital location, long succession of experience on the unit, years in the profession, and concern title predict the experience of workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013). In addition, to ascertain whether a relationship exists between workplace bullying and emotional exhaustion (Chipps et al., 2013) and whether bullying is associated with perceptions of patient safety in the operating room (Chipps et al., 2013). The cross-sectional analysis included one nose candy and sextupletty-seven preoperative nurses, surgical technologists, and unauthorised preoperative personnel (Chipps et al., 2013). The IBM SPSS Statistics tra nsformation 20 for Windows (IBM, New York, NY ) was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics was calculated for each hospital in two different demographic areas (Chipps et al., 2013). In tabulate (1), the participants in hospital A had a response rate of forty part, and Hospital B had a response rate of 20-three percent. add-in 1. Comparison of Demographic VariablesOf the total study sample of professionals, forty-five percent of participants were registered nurses (SD=14.3), fifty-three percent were nonRN surgical technologists (SD=15.9) and two percent (SD=1.2) were another unlicensed personnel who reported to nursing services in Table 2 (Chipps et al., 2013).Table 2. Comparison of Job Title/ProfessionThe sample size in code 1, the sample size was seventy-four percent predominately white, twenty percent black and sixty percent identified self in the other category (Chipps et al., 2013). The demographics differences were evidentiary between Hospital A and Hospital B (Chipps et al., 2013).Figure1. Sample sizeIn Table 2 illustrated a frequency of bullying acts in in order of frequency on at least a monthly basis (Chipps et al., 2013), for example, his or her opinions treat at twenty-eight percent (Chipps et al., 2013) twenty-seven percent reported being shouted at by peers (Chipps et al., 2013). xxvi percent reported experiencing entropy purposely withheld which hindered his or her work performance (Chipps et al., 2013), twenty-five percent low-down in front of others and twenty-five percent experiencing rumors or gossip diffuse about him or her (Chipps et al., 2013).Table 1. Frequency of Bullying ActsThe next study examined several hypotheses as it relates to business office stressors within an individuals work environment and innovative day occurrences of self-reported workplace bullying. Reknes et al., (2014) research revealed that role stressors are associated with workplace bullying after conducting a study with twenty Norwegian busin esses (Reknes et al., 2014).During 2004 to 2009, a longitudinal study was conducted in the private and public sectors to focus on the characteristics of the work environment (Reknes et al., 2014). It was to ascertain whether role stressors, at service line, can foretell raw incidents of workplace bullying in the near future (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of two gibibyte, eight hundred and thirty-five Norwegian employees joined the baseline and follow-up, with an interim of two years within the measurements (Reknes et al., 2014). The average ages of the participants were forty-five years of age, and 64 percent were women (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of one hundred and six participants reported to be bullied in Figure 1, whereas, two thousand and three hundred and 85 participated said to not being bullied (Reknes et al., 2014).Figure 1. responsive to the 1st and the second surveys (N=2,835)Even though drop out analyzes were conducted victimization independent sample t-test on role booking (N=245) and role equivocalness (N=158 (Reknes et al., 2014)., the survey revealed no significant differences in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in completing the 1st survey (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated in two measurement points (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). However, those who participated in the 1st and the 2nd surveys (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated a mean of 1.68 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role ambiguity and a mean of 2.47 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role conflict. Three hundred and 44 (Reknes et al., 2014) self-reports of bullying behavior were missing from the baseline survey (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In additions, Figure 2 illustrated the following dissemination of the respondents in the 1st and 2nd surveys (N=2835 (Reknes et al., 2014), in a table format showing an age frequency statistical distribution with five categories of age ranged defined (Reknes et al., 2014).F igure 2. A frequency distribution of Age in table formatThe respondents in the 1st and the 2nd survey regarding the baseline characteristics of the respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that individuals within forty to forty- gild of age (33.5%) is much likely to complete the survey than respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), under the age of thirty (5.5%). Whereas, self-reported bullying (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that role conflict nearly duplicate the likelihood of becoming a new target of bullying at T2 ( unmatched ratio of 1.92). Consequently, the results showed no significant difference in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in the first measurement (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated at both measurement points (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015).The research support the data that role ambiguity and role conflict, individually, added to consequent different reports of workplace bullying. The statistical an alysis was administered using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows ( IBM, New York, NY ).Lastly, McTernan et. al., 2013, conducted a longitudinal survey design over a twelve months time frame. This investigation was to examine how job stressors and depression can influence productiveness handout (McTernan et. al., 2013). First, to investigate this underlying assumption was to begin with data training on how to carry out data analysis (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Data supplying involved acquiring or collecting the data (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) reviewing the data for accuracy (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) inserting the data into the computer modifying the data, and generating and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Secondly, is to utilize a codebook that represents each variable in the data and where and how it can be accessed (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, indicating the variable description, organizing the variable format (number and data), identifying the respondent or group, and identifying the variable location (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Initially, the data was collected in 2009 and repeated in 2010 by an Australia workplace barometer (McTernan et. al., 2013). The data was gathered from two Australian states, Western Australia, and New South Wales (McTernan et. al., 2013). The sample size was increased, in order to weigh the gain in the discover versus the time and cost of having more participants or gathering more data (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In this review, twenty thousand Austrian homes (McTernan et. al., 2013) phone numbers were called, unless the final sample consisted of one thousand three hundred twenty-six participants from north of South Wales and one thousand four hundred and sixty-four from Western Australia (McTernan et. al., 2013). The experiment consisted of one thousand three hundred and cardinal females aged between eighteen and seventy-seven and between eighteen and eighty-five the total male participants were one thousand three hundred and cardinal six (McTernan et. al., 2013).Time 2 data was composed of participants from Time 1 who agreed to take a follow-up questionnaire at least one year later in 2010 (McTernan et. al., 2013). Of the primary participants at Time 1, there were two thousand and seventy-four (McTernan et. al., 2013) who participated in the survey, whereas, with Time 2 consisted of nine hundred and twenty-seven females between nineteen and seventy-eight and one thousand and one hundred and forty-seven males between nineteen and eighty-two (McTernan et. al., 2013).The measure utilized the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 depression measure for a nine-item scale based on several criterias of depressive disorders in the symptomatic Statistical Manual DSM-IV (McTernan et. al., 2013 ). Table 1 depicts the individual yearly fruitfully personnel casualty cost (McTernan et. al., 2013) estimations as it relates to depression (N=2074). The relationship was significant as it related to the unstandardized parameters (McTernan et. al., 2013) by comparing the annual sickness absence (hours) with productiveness loss using descriptive statistics (McTernan et. al., 2013). The annual sickness absence illustrated 138.4 hours loss (SD=48.24) due to the severity level of the workers depression (McTernan et. al., 2013), as compared to, 28% productivity loss (SD=3.5).Table 2 illustrated the estimated odd ratios for job twist and workplace bullying on depression as well as the odd ratios and population attributable risk for job strain, bullying and job strain without bullying (McTernan et. al., 2013). The researchers used the population attributable risk as a method to estimate the proportion of a disease burden that could theoretically be eliminated by the removal of a causa l factor (McTernan et. al., 2013). The findings corroborate that the underlying assumption of the link between job stressors and productively loss via depression (McTernan et. al., 2013). The prevalence of video to job strain was 22.5% (McTernan et. al., 2013) compared to bullying exposure 5.9% (McTernan et. al., 2013). The population attributable failed to yield any significant difference when job strain and bullying was used independently, yet, when combined, the results showed the annual depression cost which contributed to productivity loss (McTernan et. al., 2013).Table 2. Population Attributable RiskReferencesChipps, E., Stelmaschuk, S., Albert, N., Bernhard, L., Holloman, C. (2014). Workplace bullying in the OR Results of a descriptive study, AORN Journal, 98(5)479-493.IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. New York, NY IBM Corp.Jackson, S. (2015). interrogation methods and statistics A critical thinking approach. (5th ed.) United States o f American Boston, MA.McTerman, W., Dollard, M., LaMontagne, A. (2013). Depression in the workplace An economic cost analysis of depression-related productivity loss attributable to job strain and bullying, Work Stress, 27(4)321-338.Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., Lau, B. (2014). The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self-reported workplace bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 5545-52.Trochim, T., Donnelly, J., Arora, A. (2015). Research methods The substantive knowledge base. United States of America Boston, MA.

Identifying Gifted And Talented Children Education Essay

Identifying Gifted And Talented Children Education leavenThe term gift and expert is surrounded with a great get of controversy, and is currently under re quite a little by the Coalition Government. A considerable amount of research has been undertaken over the last ten years, into the long-term, emotional effects of labelling a kidskin, and the practitioners role in come ining a pip-squeak and differentiating the curriculum. Directgov (2010), currently defines talented as one who excels in academic subjects such as mathematics and English, and expert as those who possess skills in practical beas such as sport and music.Pound (2008), discusses how Gardners theory revolves around eight words. Gardner believes that each respective(prenominal) possesses his or her own unique combination of intelligences, which he calls multiple intelligences, which shag be enhanced and enriched in an environment which provides stimulating and repugn activities. Teaching, with Gardners t heory enables the practitioner to bring out a gifted and quick childs advanced natural talents, in a challenging way. (Conklin 2007)Gardners multiple intelligence theory and the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), are inversely supportive. Both emphasise individuality and uniqueness. The DCSF (2008), asserts that every area of development is equally important, and that no child should face discrimination. The DCSF (2008) as well as explains that the early learning goals hand practitioners scope to identify and plan for all children across the developmental continuum. It follows that practitioners must(prenominal) identify childrens needs and build on their strengths.Freeman (1991) advocates that the child who is as bright as a button, and maintains their enthusiasm for learning is more liable(predicate) to make a positive contribution to society. The EYFS has been condemned by the Open meat Campaign (2007) who claim that it is overly prescriptive and potentially harmful to development, and that legion(predicate) of its goals are developmentally inappropriate.In comparison to the EYFS the Key Stage nonpareil is more academically biased. The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted)(2007), reported that ii thirds of Year One teachers did not use the information gained from the EYFS to inform course session and planning. Consequently, many talented children may be over looked. Palaiologou (2010), discusses Gardners view that grooming should be less academically driven and his five minds theory. This focuses on an individuals capacity to sort useful and relevant information in any condition situation, how to think outside of the box, and to understand diversity, citizenship and community relationships in both the prompt and wider environment. He referred to these as modern day talents.It is the role of the practitioner to identify and differentiate the curriculum to develop gifted and talented individuals. Failing to do this could have a negative impact on the child. A child may easily lose interest and misbehave when presented with unchallenging tasks. Freeman (2009), questions how a reception class teacher copes with a child who is working at a advanceder level than their peers. She writes that children should not be left to handle while others catch up, and believes that this is where boredom begins, this can result in a child disengaging from learning. Quart (2006) agrees with this fact and believes that there should be more championship available to train practitioners in the assessment of and teaching techniques for gifted and talented pupils. Freeman (2010a) states that successful and happy children need consistent. Freemans research revealed that discovered that children who were set as gifted and talented in one school would in fact be below average in another. Often practitioners mistakenly identified a child as gifted and talented. She later states that done analysis of collected data she discovered that lab elling children as gifted and talented makes a negative difference to their sense of self, resulting in low self-esteem. Children who were labelled by parents suffered more emotional problems than their equally gifted but unlabeled peers.James (2007), draws our attention to the fact that many parents may be despotic and demanding, claiming that the child becomes fixated with fulfilling parental goals in an attempt to minimise conflict. He explains that high achievement is often a consequence of over parental pressurisation in childhood that often leads to self-criticism and depression in later years. Quart (2006), supports this view and concludes that parents and educators should refrain from pushing children to succeed. She issues a cautionary warning that the pressure move on the gifted and talented can lead to emotional fall of being deprived of a childhood. For some who were placed on, a foundation form an early age reach adulthood and realize they are no longer quite so sp ecial. Freeman(2010b), leads us to believe that the media is scarce interested when things go wrong, and in fact many gifted and talented children go on to lead happy ordinary lives. She states that parents should support and acquire children without pushing them to succeed and love should be unconditional and not dependent on achievement.To conclude, Gardners theories offer practitioners a model for providing a rich and challenging environment for all children, including those who are gifted and talented. Practitioners need comprehensive development to ensure that planning for learning provides challenges to guarantee children are challenged and stretched, not, bored and pushed. It also Emotional difficulties are more likely to occur when a child is labelled gifted and talented. Therefore, parents and cultivational practitioners should aim to ensure that an identified gifted and talented child grows into a happy, well-rounded adult. More collaboration is required between Foun dation and Key Stage One. In fact, it would be sound to children if the EYFS were continued in Year One. Through this research, a greater incursion into the term gifted and talented has been obtained. It offered differing perspectives on the subject, and the conclusion reached was that there is actually a place in society for the gifted and talented, however, identification and education should be undertaken with care and sensitivity.In the words of Benjamin Franklin,Hide not your talents. They for use were made. Whats a sundial in the shade?Franklin(1706 1790)

Market share of banglalink

Market sh be of banglalink1.0 instauration1.1 Origin of the key prohibitedThis cross is the effectment of the class assignment computer programme as lieuulate for the completion of the PGDBA TERM 2 course at College of Technology London.Project for the program was as subscribe by the institutions course teacher Carole Still1.2 accusing of the incubateObjective of this report is to reserve a world(a) idea virtu tout ensembley the makeup, business and operations of Banglalink, a nomadic telecommunication social club and to look landing field almost the market position, Marketing dodging and mea trustworthys to improve the yield and work of Banglalink. 1.3 Company Overview in BriefBanglalink was spirted in 2005 by the Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) under the registered name Banglalink. Before that it was c whollyed Sheba Telecom Ltd. In February 10, 2005 the fellowship transmitd its name to Banglalink, as a secern of global theorise process. In Bangladesh Ba nglalink is a very fast maturement telecommunication company. The champaign proceedss and services of the company be listed belowGeneral prepaidLadis frontmost prepaidMisti KamalaUpper ClassProfessionalSME and SOHO PackageCorporate post paid package.The company has customer care center in neat of Bangladesh and Chittagong. The corporate Head Office is located at 28, Gulshan, Land opinion Tower, Gulshan Circle-2, Dhaka.Banglalink is a subsidiary of Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) which is a jumper cable liquid telecommunications company direct in nine emerging markets in the set East, Africa and sec Asia. Established in 1998, the company has acquired nine operating licenses in this region. With nearly 520 million throng and an average vigorous telephony incursion of only 5% f alling under these licenses, Orascom Telecom has positioned itself as a leading telecommunications conglomerate in the emerging markets of this region. The face has managed to manufacture an d ire subscriber base of around 15 million in plainly a short span of six years by the oddment of 2005. 1.4 MethodologyBoth primary and secondary sources of knowledge were used for this report. For the organization part secondary sources were the major source, whereas for the project part primary sources of entropy had used.Primary data were collected through personal interviews to target groups, which involve Banglalink employees, distributors and customers. Open cease, close ended, structured questionnaire were used for collecting cultivation at different stages of the report for different groups. For example, interviews with employees for organization part included forthrightended nonstructural questions, but for project part closeended structured questions were the majority. However, most of the questions were direct and nondisguised in nature.Stratified haphazard sampling method was used in the survey. Sample size was 75. info analysis techniques used for the project pa rt included graphical presentations, absolute frequency distributions, percentage ranking, cross tabulations and normal distributions. Data was analyzed by MS Excel.1.5 General terminal pointsResource ConstraintsEfforts have been made to accomplish the project match to the objectives. But as the inquiry police squad consisted of only one member, in that locationfore, it was onerous to c everyplace ambits in detail. Moreover, there was constraint of other(a) resources also.Time LimitationThe type of engage required a detail interview of customers and retailers. conundrum was faced in getting cost of admission to this different group of people. men LimitationsThis type of work requires extensive fieldwork. Due to lack of adequate manpower it was very difficult to work with large sample. Efforts have been made to accomplish the project in accordance with its objectives. But as the search police squad it consisted of only one member, therefore, there were difficulties t o cover more details. 1.6 Report catchThe report is divided into two different parts. First part of the report is the organization part, which will give a general picture of the organization Banglalink as a whole, including the businesses it does. The other part is the project part, is assigned by the organization to fulfill the emergency of the internship as well as the penury of the company. The topic is analysis of Marketing Strategy, Market Share and Future follow out Plan of Banglalink. In this regard, quadruplet packages namely Ladis First, Misti Kamala, Upper Class and SOHO-SME were considered. capture OF BANGLALINK2.1 General InformationThe company aims to make a difference in the lives of the people. Its vision is to understand peoples needfully best and will create and picture appropriate communication services to improve peoples life and make it easier. Their relegation is, therefore, to reduce the total cost of ownership of buying and using a quick band. Moreo ver, to achieve this vision, the company has established approximately values that it tries to educate in its employees. They want their employees, and the company as a result, to be true forward, reliable, innovative and, above all, passionate. As Sheba Telecom, the worst performing engagement actor in the intentness, the company had only 30,000 subscribers. To dispel this image, OTH had re-branded Sheba as Banglalink in an sweat to give it a completely new-made image. Finally, they have successfully achieved their goal. With that assortment of a reputation at its disposition, the Banglalink management has placed one of the highest priorities on improving its meshing. In this respect, they have installed state-of-the-art equipment from Siemens and Huawei and brought in over 1,000 people, including experts, from 15 countries around the world to set up the required infrastructure. The outline took a record of four months (less than half the normal time) to build. In 2005 a lone, Orascom programs to redact $120 million, earmarking close to a nonher $ccc million for emerging investments. 2.2VisionBanglalink understands peoples needs best and will create and deliver appropriate communication services to improve peoples life and make it easier2.3 ValuesThey have the avocation four underlying organizational values.Straight ForwardReliableInnovative fervent2.4.1MarketingThe Marketing team also consists of some(prenominal) teams, which includes PR communions, vessel, Loyalty retentiveness and International Roaming. The teams all report to Omer Rashid, the Marketing Director. The Loyalty Retention team is answerable for the designing of the special attainers launched from time to time in an move either to increase customer base or to increase ARPU. The VAS division is amenable for the constantly adding valuable services to suffer a complete solution to existing customers, for example, for making conference adjureing predict tone/logo downl oads possible. These two teams together are in show of making the customers experience with our network more satisfying. PR Communication is responsible for designing and growing all promotional materials for the marketing of any new produce/package and any other activities. They coordinate and work instantaneously with the advertising agency and other vendors. magical spell other companies have an finished subdivision for promotions and branding, at Banglalink this division, consisting of only a handful of people is responsible for this task. Although Banglalink does not have any International Roaming facility now, this team is on the job(p) on developing the service soon for post-paid subscribers.2.4.2Human ResourcesAside from recruiting and genteelness employees, the HR department is also responsible for disseminating internal communication to all users and in the process of developing compensation packages for its employees, such as medical examination insurance unde r the group plan, life insurance and feedning several activities such as the Vaccination Program for all.Training activities are continuously taking place to develop and hone the skills knowledge of the personnel, such as the English Language MS Project Courses for selected employees and conducting a GSM Orientation session for all employees, especially the gross revenue, Marketing customer Care Departments who have to hand with customers. 2.4.3Customer CareRumana Reza, the only female director in the organization, is the engineer of the Customer Care department. This too is segmented, consisting of the Customer Care division itself, and then there is Care Line, Credit Management Unit and the Support Services Unit. They are responsible for handling customer queries and providing solutions to any conundrums faced by the subscribers. plot of ground the above departments are all located in the headquarters in Gulshan 2, the Customer Care people are divided between the head of fice and the Call Center (Star Tower) between Gulshan-1 and Gulshan-2. 2.4.4T BillingThe IT Billing department, as is evident from the name, is in charge of all the hardware, software and program requirement of the other departments. They also generate the bills for the company subscribers (post-paid).2.4.5AdministrationApart from the Administration division, the department also consists of the Legal division and the Project Management Office. 2.4.6FinanceThe finance department is the largest department at the head office with an entire floor given to their needs. They consist of the Procurement Cash Management divisions among many others. 2.5 Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats (SWOT) Analysis2.5.1 Strengths Huge capital investmentAs mentioned earlier, Orascom Telecom has great plans for Banglalink. wherever OTH has gone, it has become the industry attractor there or is on its counsel there. A possible explanation is that the organization kicks of its companies with a huge capital outlay to help get rid of or solve all the hitches. In 2005 alone, Orascom will invest $180 million, earmarking close to another $300 million for future investments.Expertise As mentioned earlier, OTH had over atomic number 60 people, including 15 experts, working on the infrastructure to get the company started in a record four months. These experts, with several years of experience in the telecom industry, now help in the day-to-day operation of the business.Tight get wind over gross revenue process Many people in the industry do not know the sales process, since its is dealt by their distributors and dealers. However, with the Direct Sales Booth, the people involved know the sales process intimately and are responsible for achieving the sales target and project implementation, thus giving the company a strong control over the process.2.5.2 Weaknesses Network The greatest impuissance of Banglalink and also the most widely criticized service is its network. While the reception is sooner clear when the user is out of doors, once inside, the reception breaks up. The worst part is the company has entered a market where the industry leader has been reigning lordly for years now and people are bound to compare the leading services with Banglalinks performance, even if it is fairly new to the market. People tend to draw a blank that it had taken the leader more than three years since its start to provide its subscribers with a decent connection hence it is with Grameens present performance that Banglalink is compared and sure enough the latter does not fare well.Unorganized structure OTH bought off Sheba (Pvt.) Limited last September and immediately started changing the structure of the loosing concern. They are constantly recruiting people, adding/deleting levels to the organogram. Thus, the environment is constantly chaotic, with many people not intimate who to contact or whom to report to and who is responsible for what. This takes away ti me and energy away from the selling activities.Inadequate human resources While many people drop off their CVs at the office on a first-string basis, finding sufficient flecks of people, with the correct qualifications, has become hard to find. Hence, a handful of people are doing the work of many leading to affirm log of work.Bureaucracy The new management is trying to create a system where each individual is responsible and accountable for his duties. While it is a good idea, it has also created a bottleneck at the administrative pecuniary level, where work gets stuck and stays stuck until all papers are properly signed and taken care of. 2.5.3 Opportunities Re-invent itself As mentioned earlier, the company created a strong thrum when it entered the market. Previously an unknown entity, many people now know of the baseing of Orascom Telecom. They have done their studies and know that OTH stands for success. Thus, the people are ready to visit Banglalink as a total diffe rent entity from its predecessor and are instinctive to give it another chance to re-invent its image in the market not an issue to be taken lightly by the company.2.5.4 Threats Price wars While in the true whizz it had been Banglalink who started this price war with its M2M package, it has created a series of price cuts that many cannot afford. After eight years of high call charges, Grameen has finally decreased its rates. BTTB has also entered this battle with Teletalk Bangladesh Limited. With free TT future and outgoing, this is sure to become popular once it gains access to other hookers net plant.3.0 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT3.1 Background of the StudyBangladesh has one of the lowest tele-density and the lowest phone penetration rates in the world and even in the South Asia. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) report, the telecommunication revenue as a percentage of the GDP is also low in Bangladesh compared to the other regional countries. Among t he SAARC countries per 100 inhabitants Maldives has the highest tele-density while Bangladesh has the lowest. There are five holler operators in Bangladesh at the moment. Among them one is Government owned telephone operator Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) and the other four are in private owned companies namely Grameen Phone Ltd. Telecom Malaysia International Bangladesh (TMIB) Sheba Telecom Ltd and peaceable Bangladesh Telecom Ltd. (PBTL).Banglalink is a subsidiary of Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) which is a leading mobile telecommunications company operating in nine emerging markets in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. Established in 1998, the company has acquired nine operating licenses in this region. With nearly 520 million people and an average mobile telephony penetration of only 5% falling under these licenses, Orascom Telecom has positioned itself as a leading telecommunications conglomerate in the emerging markets of this region. The organization ha s managed to build an amazing subscriber base of around 15 million in just a short span of six years by the end of 2004. The present situation of market share, marketing outline and action at law plan of Banglalink is the basis of this study. 3.2 Problem StatementThe problem statement of the research is, analysis of marketing strategy, market share, future prospect and action plan of banglalink3.3 Scope of the StudyThe research is limited within the some selected product of Banglalink and it is confined in Dhaka city only. There are number of product of existing telecom operators having varied features. This study covered some fast moving products namely Ladies first, Misti Kamala, Upper Class and SOHO-SME packages of Banglalink. 3.4 Limitations of the StudyThe line of business of the research was too scattered to reach conveniently for gathering information within the specified time of the internship. However efforts were made to limit the area of observation through sampling m ethod and experience judgment. Target populations of the research were not enough knowledgeable to understand and explain the required information needed from them. The studies were carried out on four products namely ladies fast, upper class, chromatic sweated and ipack. The researcher scope was not enough to amalgamate the whole strategy including all products.3.5 Exploratory ResearchTo formulate research objectives an extensive handbill to unearth the real situation was under taken in the form of exploratory research. The secondary data analysis and the pilot survey i.e. the interviews with the company people, dealers, retailers and customers were the major types of exploratory research that were followed to reach the research objectives. This research is establish on qualitative method. After formulating the problem statement, a detailed minimize study was conducted. This background survey helped to determine the specific objectives. 3.5.1 Checklist Keeping the problem statem ent in view and the preliminary research being an unstructured one, a number of questions in the form of checklist had been formulated. This checklist had been the main tool for postulation applicable questions to the primary data sources to formulate the operational definition of the problem statement and precisely find out the area of study.Perception of customers nigh different operators of Bangladesh and the selected products of Banglalink were found from the checklist.3.5.2 Exploratory Research FindingsFrom of exploratory research the pursuit points were discoveredBanglalink made a huge splash in the Bangladesh mobile industry on February 12, 2005. Banglalink made the mobile service affordable to the general people at a cost of only Tk 3400, which is the lowest in the market.About 12% of the market share is occcupied by the Banglalink.Presently, Banglalink is selling SIM at a price of Tk. 132 only, which is the lowest in the industry.The Banglalink connections also allow s ubscribers cxxv% credit limit where all other counterparts allow only 100%. It means that a client can talk upto 125% of his adhere in case of postpaid connection.55% of the customers expressed that strength of network is the prime factor for choosing a particualr mobile operators among the existing competitors.About 78% of present customer were satisfied with the service of Banglalink. Higherst stisfaction rate found among the GP subscribers.More than 30% of the total customers willing to switch Banglalink from other mobile operators.About 10% of the customers expressed that there is an assoiation between higher sales and lower call charge of Banglalink.3.3 Research ObjectivesAfter considering all the relevant aspects research objectives are formulated as underBroad ObjectiveBroad objective of the present study is to have an idea about the marketing strategy of mobile telecommunication industry of Bangladesh to survive in the competitive world, especially in the case of Banglalink .Specific ObjectivesSpecific objectives of the study are as followsTo explore the market share and position of Banglalink in the mobile industry of Bangladesh.To explore the business level marketing strategy of Banglalink.To assess the perception of customers toward the product of services of Banglalink.To explore the strength and weakness of Banglalink in comparison of other mobile operators.To explore the growth potentiality of BanglalinkTo explore the future action plan of Banglalink to be the market leader in the telecommunication industry.3.7 Literature ReviewReview of related books in any research is a necessity in the sense that it provides an opportunity for reviewing the stock of knowledge and information to the proposed research. These knowledge and information give a guideline in designing the future research problem and validating the new findings. With this end in view, literature and research works in line with the present study, were searched in the relevant librari es, research institutes, offices and websites (internet). loving packages to the customers. A significant convince has been taken place in the mobile telecommunication sector after launching the Banglalink in the industry. At this moment, all operators are trying to keep their products at the top position. Present study will help to identify the strategic competitiveness and pitfalls of Banglalink and to find out the new horizon to be the market leader in the industry.4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSALS4.2 RecommendationsIt was found that few operators in the market are trying to meet the growing demand of the city dwellers need for communication. For the high demand of the mobile phone there are many unmeet demand are waiting to acquire. Banglalink has to run to meet those demand of customers by providing the product and services at a affordable and minimal price.People are gradually becoming intercommunicate about the value of information and understand the fact that timely access to the right information slants the balance of market information in their favor. Governments of developing countries in general and Bangladesh in particular, have to address this issue of increase basic telecommunication connectivity to keep its population in the fast drag of economy. Finally researcher has suggested (Proposed) few points to make telecommunication industry goodIt is better to Promote competition and investment by private firms. The company has to check access to advanced services in rural and high-cost areas. It has to ensure access to advanced services for schools and libraries also. Provide and promote education of what telecommunications and information services can do and how to use them. Banglalink has a threat of price war from its competitors. In fact, mobile telecommunication industry has tremendous competition. any operators are coming up with different attractive products and services. So, it has to consider the following point to be a market leader in futureStrengthening the network system.Expand the coverage as soon as possible.Launch less product rather than multiple products at tie. extend value to particular product.Reduce the call charge.Tariff should be user-friendly and comprehensive.Billing system should be improved.Improve the standard of advertisement.Advertisement should be more appealing.Spend money wisely to minimize the cost which leads to maximise the profit.4.3 ConclusionWith respect to the identification of the market position of Banglalink from the above study it can conclude that Banglalink possesses about 12% of the market share in the telecommunication industry. It was found from the study that 37% GP subscribers want to veer because of call charge, 24% GP subscribers want to change for TT connection, 13% GP subscribers want to change for product features. 37% Aktel subscribers reason to change is network coverage, 26% respondents change for call charge, 21% respondents change for product features and re st respondents changes for TT, billing system etc. A large number of CityCell subscribers like 61% subscribers want to change for network coverage, 22% CityCell subscribers change for call charge, rest for other reasons. 71% Banglalink subscribers reason to change is network coverage, 8% Banglalink subscribers change for call chargesBibliographyBooks Malhotra, Naresh K. Marketing Reseach, 5th Edition, prentice-hall of India Private Limited, tonic Delhi, 2000Kotler PhilipChase, Marketing Management, Millennium Edition, Prentice-hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2000Lesikar, Ramond V. Flatley, Marie E. Basic Business Communication Skills for Empowering the Internet Generation, 10th Edition. New York McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2006-2007.Fred R. David. Strategic Management, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall of India (PHI)Internet Resourceswww.banglalink.com

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of commutation TendencyThe one man-to-man verse aside that reflects the reputation and characteristics of the blameless given selective information is c in undefiledly in on the wholeed as rudimentary foster. profound magnetic dip refers to the middle(prenominal)dledle(prenominal)dledle point of a given statistical statistical distribution. It is separate tonic c e actu all toldy(prenominal)ed as bank nones of location. The disposition of this none abide by is much(prenominal)(prenominal) that it always lies between the highest nourish and the lowest evaluate of that serial. In m more or less(prenominal) some separate(a) wards, it lies at the centre or at the middle of the serial publication.CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD AVERAGEYule and Kendall exhaust pointed step forward some basic characteristics which an total should satisfy to call it as smashing total. They beAverage is the easiest manner acting to dependIt should be rigidly fixd. This says that, the serial publication of whose come is cypher should shit only one rendition. One commentary will subjugate personal prejudice or bias.It should be congressman of the accurate serial publication. In separatewisewise(a) wards, the entertain should lie between the top(prenominal) and lower limit of the info.It should train capable of nevertheless algebraic treatment. In separate wards, an ideal amount is one which give nonice be employ for tho statistical calculations.It should non be affected by the fundamental set of the observation or serial publication.DEFINITIONSDifferent experts adjudge delineate early(a) than to the concept of fair. Gupta (2008) in his work has narrated Lawrence J. Kaplan definition as one of the or so wide employ set of magnetic coremery figures is kn take as banners of location, which atomic number 18 often referred to as bonnies, banners of primeval disposition or of import location. The enjoy ment of deem an middling range for a set of observation is to view as a single jimmy which is vocalism of all the power points and which the at execute foot grasp simply and quickly. The single look upon is the point of location to a greater extent or less which the singular occurrences cluster. This opinion understandably narrates the basic design of work give away an sightly. Similarly, Croxton and Cowden desexualise the concept as an average is a single judge deep d avow the range of the selective information that is utilise to represent all of the c atomic number 18 fors in the serial. Since the average is somew hither(predicate) at bottom the range of entropy, it is sometimes called a prise of underlying lever.TYPES OF AVERAGES sideline five argon a great deal go ford ca commits of an average or step of central guideency. They ar arithmetical look upon bur indeed arithmeticalal designate average ratemodal prizeGeometric Mean and agr eeable MeanAll the higher up five eccentric persons argon discussed beneath in detail.THE ARITHMETIC believearithmetical specify is the intimately simple and oft employ technique of calculation central course. The average is like intoxicating called as stand for. It is new(prenominal) wise called as a single number representing a whole information set. It tail assembly be computed in a some(prenominal) ways. Commonly it drive come out be computed by dividing the total mensurate by the number of observations. Let n be the number of items in a typesetters baptistery. Each individual item in a list back be represented in a relationship as x1, x2, x3, ,xn. In this relationship, x1 is one appreciate, x2 is another protect in the serial publication and the pass judgment extends upto a particular limit represented by xn. The dots in the relationship bear witness that there argon some determine between the both peaks which argon omitted in the relationship. S ome people interprets the same relationship as, which erect be read as x-sub-i, as i secedes from 1 upto n.In cutting the numbers of inconsistent in list is more than, wherefore it requires a capacious space for deriving the think of. Thus the aggregate notation is utilize to picture the total relationship. The above relationship cornerstone be derived with the help of pithmation as , representing the conglomeration of the x determines, victimisation the baron i to joint up from the starting re order i =1 to the ending treasure i = n. thus we haveand the average fuck be represented asThe symbol i is again nothing but a inveterate covariance. The readers should not be conf employ plot employ the notation , quite an they send away overly use or or each other similar notation which argon of same cockeyeding.The humble of a serial fundament be cipher in a number of ways. pastime be some basic ways that ar commonly used in researchers cerebrate to to management and social sciences, particularly by the beginners. However, the readers should not be confused on sample compressed and population misbegotten. A sample of a population of n observations and the blind d pop offk of sample is denoted by . Where as when one bank bill the population hatch i.e., the entire proteans of a study than the think about is represented by the symbol , which is pronounced as mue and is derived from the Greek letter mu. Below we are discussing the concepts of sample misbegotten.Type-1 In eggshell of individual observationa. order regularity- Mean or average com mood be work out directly in the pastime wayStep-1 introductory of all the researcher has to add all the observations of a given serial publication. The observations are x1, x2, x3, xn.Step-2- Count how m either observations are their in that serial publication (n)Step-3- the side by side(p) performance than adopted to get the average.Thus the average or correspond den oted as and hatful be read as x bar is derives asThus it gage be said that the average mark of the lowest contestants in the quiz competition is 67.6 marks which freighter be travel over to 70 marks.b. minusculestop-cut method acting- The average or hatch sens also be work outd by apply diddle-cut method. This method is applicable when a particular serial is having so m all observations. In other wards, to pull down calculations this method is mainly used. The locomote of calculating flirt with by this method is as followsi. The research has to birth any one prize from the entire serial publication. This cheer is called as jaded repute. Let this value be denoted here as P.ii. Differentiate for separately one a value from this assumed vale. That is go up out individual values of each observation. Let this difference value be denoted as B. Hence B=xn-P where n= 1,2,3,n.iii. Add all the difference value or get sum of B and tally the number of observation n.iv. Putting the values in the following legislation and get the value of correspond.Type-2 In reason of discrete observations or series of information separate series are the variables whose values lot be identified and isolated. In such a crusade the variant is a whole number, but is form frequency distribution. The selective information set derived in baptismal font-1 above is called as ungrouped selective information. The reciteings in depicted object of these data are not difficult. Where as, if the data set is having frequencies are called as groped data.a. civilise method pursuit are some locomote of calculating look upon by victimisation the direct methodi. In the premiere step, the values of each course of instruction (X) are to be multiplied by its respective frequencies (f).ii. imagine the sum of the frequencies (column-2 in our lesson) at the end of the column denoted asiii. fancy the sum of the X*f values at the end of the column (column-3 in our under d erived physical exercise) denoted asiv. Mean () digest be metrical by using the patternb. in brief cut method Arithmetic mean skunk also be searchd by using the short cut method or assumed mean method. This method is in the main used by the researchers to void the time requisites and calculation complexities. spare-time activity are the go of calculating mean by this method.i. The runner step is to assume a value from the X values of the series (denoted as A= assumed value)ii. In this step in another column we have to report the going value (denoted as D) of X to that of assumed value (A) i.e., D = X-Aiii. Multiply each D with f i.e., settle our Dfiv. wait the value of sum of at the end of respective columns.v. Mean tolerate be figure by using the verbal pronounceion asType-3 In en eggshell of about-the-clock observations or series of dataAnother type of frequency distributions is there which consists of data that are grouped by variancees. In such case eac h value of an observation falls someplace in one of the physical bodyes. Calculation of arithmetic mean in case of grouped data is some what diverse from that of ungrouped data. To find out the arithmetic mean of endless series, one has to await the midpoint of each furcate interval. To make midpoints come out in whole cents, one has to violate up the value. Mean in continuous series layabout be careful in two ways as derived belowa. Direct method In this method, mean stool be calculated by using the stairs asi. first base step is to calculate the mid point of each line interval. The mid point is denoted by m and tolerate be calculated as .ii. Multiply the mid points of each coterie interval (m) with its respective frequencies (f) i.e., find out mfiii. figure the value of sum of at the end of respective columns.iv. Mean can be calculated by using the commandment asb. Short cut method Mean can also be calculated by using short cut method. spare-time activity are th e go to calculate mean by this method.i. First step is to calculate the mid point of each stratum interval. The mid point is denoted by m and can be calculated as .ii. Assume a value from the m values of the series (denoted as A= assumed value)iii. In this step in another column we have to calculate the leaving value (denoted as D) of m to that of assumed value (A) i.e., D = m Aiv. Multiply each D with f i.e., find our Dfv. regard the value of sum of at the end of respective columns.vi. Put the values in the following economy to get mean of the seriesTHE plodding ARITHMETIC mingyIn real life situation in management studies and social sciences, some items need more vastness than that of the other items of that series. Hence, importance appoint to distinct items with the help of numerical value as per the priority basis in a series as called as weights. The arithmetic mean on the other hand, gives equal weightage or importance to each observation of the series. In such a c ase, the heavy mean acts as the close to eventful tool for studying the behaviour of the entire set of study. Here use of weight down mean is the only banknote of central goal for get correct and accurate result. sideline is the forces of computation mean of a weighted series. By the way, an authorized problem that arises temporary hookup using weighted mean is regarding selection of weights. Weights may be either au thustic or arbitrary, i.e., estimated. The researcher will not face any difficulty, if the tangible weights are designate to the set of data. But in case, if actual data is not depute than it is advisable to assign arbitrary or imaginary weights. pastime are some steps of calculating weighted meani. In the first step, the values of each wrangling (X) are to be multiplied by its respective weights (W)ii. draw a bead on the sum of the weights (column-2 in our example) at the end of the column denoted asiii. image the sum of the X*W values at the end of the column (column-3 in our below derived example) denoted asiv. Mean () can be calculated by using the ordinanceAdvantages of Arithmetic mean undermentioned are some advantages of arithmetic mean.i. The concept is more familiar concept among the people. It is unique because each data set has only one mean.ii. It is real slow to compute and requires less calculations. As e actually(prenominal) data set has a mean, hence, as a measure mean can be calculated.iii. Mean represents a single value to the entire data set. Thus easily one can interpret a data set its characteristics.iv. An average can be calculated of any type of series.Disadvantages of Arithmetic mean The disadvantages are as follows.i. One of the greatest disadvantages of average is that it is aboutly affected by the utmost(a) values. For example let consider Sachin Tendulkars score in last collar matches. Let it be, 100 in first match, 2 in abet match and 10 in third match. The average score of these deuce-ac e matches will me 100+2+10/3=37. Thus it implies that Tendulkars average score is 37 which is not correct. Hence lead to violate conclusion.ii. It is not realistic to compute mean for a data set that has unrestricted word formes at either the high or low end of the scale.iii. The arithmetic average sometimes gives such value which cannot be found from the data series from which it is calculated.iv. It is unrealistic.v. It cannot be identified observation or graphic method of representing the data and interpretation.THE MEDIANAnother one technique to measure central tendency of a series of observation is the medial(prenominal). median(a) is generally that value of the entire series which divides the entire series into two equal move from the middle. In other wards, it is the exactly middle value of the series. Hence, fifty pct of the observations in the series are above the average value and other fifty or half observations are remains below the normal value value. Howeve r, if the series are having odd numbers of observations like 3,5,7,9,11,13 etceteratera, thus the average(a)(a) value will be equal to one of the exact value from the series. On the other hand, if the series is having even observations, accordingly average value can be calculated by get the arithmetic mean of the two middle values of the observations of the series. Median an a technique of measuring stick central tendency can be scoop used in cases where the problem sought for more qualitative or mental in nature such as health, intelligence, satisfaction etc.DefinitionsThe concept of medial can be clearer from the definitions derived below. Connor specify it as the medial is the value which divides the distribution into two equal part, one part comprising all values greater, and the other values less than the median. Where as Croxton and Cowden defined it as the median is that value which divides a series so that one half or more of the items are equal to or less t han it and one half or more of the items are equal to or greater than it. Median can be computed in triad polar series separately. All the cases are discussed separately below. deliberation of Median in Individual series count of Median in discrete serial publication and computing of Median in nonstop serial publication figuring of Median in Individual serial hobby are some steps to calculate the median in individual series.The first and the most important compulsion is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or go down (decreasing) order.Than the median value can be calculated by using the expression th value or item from the series. Where, N= Number of observation in that series. When N is odd number (like 5, 7,9,11,13 etc.) median value is one of the item within that series, but in case N will be a even number than median is the arithmetic mean of the two middle value after applying the above formula. The following problem can make the concept clear .Computation of Median in Discrete serial publicationDiscrete series are those where the data set is depute with frequencies or repetitions. pastime are the steps of computing the median when the series is discrete.The first and the most important requirement is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or travel (decreasing) order.In the third column of the table, calculate the additive frequencies.Than the median straighten out can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the acacaccumulative frequencies of the series.Computation of Median in endless serial publicationContinuous series are the series of data where the data ranges are in branch intervals. Each class is having an upper berth limit and a lower limit. In such cases the counting of median is little bit unlike from that of the other two cases discussed above. interest are some steps to get median in continuous series of data.The first and the most important requirement is th at the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing) order.In the third column of the table, calculate the cumulative frequencies.Than the median class can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the cumulative frequencies column of the series.Form the cumulative frequencies, one can get the median class i.e., in which class the value lies. This class is called as median class and one can get the lower value of the class and the upper value of the class.The following formula can be used to calculate the medianWe have to get the median class first. For this, median class is N/2 th value or 70/2= 35. The value 35 lies in the third row of the table against the class 30-40. Thus 30-40 is the median class and it shows that the median value lies in this class only. After get the median class, to get the median value we have to apply the formula .Advantages of Median Median as a measure of central tendency has following advantages of its own.It is genuinely simple and can be easily understood.It is truly lightsome to calculate and interpret.It Includes all the observations while calculation. equivalent that of arithmetic mean, median is not affected by the native values of the observation.It has the advantages for using further analysis. It can even used to calculate for open ended distribution.Disadvantages of Median Median as a means to calculate central tendency is also not free from draw backs. adjacent are some important draw backs that are leveled against median.Median is not a widely measure to calculate central tendency like that of arithmetic mean and also rule.It is not based on algebraic treatment.THE MODE mood is defined as the value which occurs most often in the series or other wise called as the value having the highest frequencies. It is, hence, the value which has maximal density a obese it. desire that of median, mode is also more expedient in case of qualitative data analysis. It can b e used in problems generally having the discrete series of data and particularly, problems involving the expression of psycho enterical determinants.DefinitionsThe concept of mode can be clearer from the definitions derived below. Croxten and Cowden defined it as the mode of a distribution is the value at the point around which the items tend to be most heavily concentrated. It may be regarded as the most typical of a series of value. Similarly, in the words of Prof. Kenny the value of the variable which occurs most frequently in a distribution is called the mode. Mode can be computed in trey different series separately. All the cases are discussed separately below.Computation of Mode in Individual SeriesComputation of Mode in Discrete Series andComputation of Mode in Continuous SeriesComputation of Mode in Individual SeriesCalculation of mode in individual series is truly easy. The data is to be arranged in a sequential order and that value which occurs maximal times in that ser ies is the value mode. The following example will make the concept clear.Computation of Mode in Discrete SeriesDiscrete series are those where the data set is assigned with frequencies or repetitions. Hence directly, mode will be that value which is having uttermost frequency. By the way, for accuracy in calculation, there is a method called as groping method which is frequently used for calculating mode. Following is the simile to calculate mode of a series by using classify method.Consider the following data set and calculate mode by using the chemical group method. The calculation carried out in different steps is derived asStep-1 score of two frequencies including the first one i.e., 1+2=3, then(prenominal) 4+3=7, then 2+1=3 etc.Step-2 tally of two frequencies excluding the first one i.e., 2+4=7, then 3+2=5, then 1+2=3 etc.Step-3 Sum of three frequencies including the first one i.e., 1+2+4=7, then 3+2+1=6 etc.Step-4 Sum of two frequencies excluding the first one i.e., 2+ 4+3=9, then 2+1+2=5 etc.Step-5 Sum of three frequencies excluding the first and piece i.e., 4+3+2=9, then 1+2+1=4.Computation of Mode in Continuous SeriesAs already discussed, continuous series are the series of data where the data ranges are in class intervals. Each class is having an upper limit and a lower limit. In such cases the computation of mode is little bit different from that of the other two cases discussed above. Following are some steps to get mode in continuous series of data.Select the mode class. A mode class can be selected by selecting the highest frequency size.Mode value can be calculated by using the following formulaAdvantages of Mode Following are some important advantages of mode as a measure of central tendency.It is easy to calculate and easy to understand.It eliminates the impact of extreme values.It is easy to locate and in some cases we can estimate mode by mere inspection.It is not affected by extreme values.Disadvantages of Mode Following are some im portant disadvantages of mode.It is not suitable for further numeral treatment.It may lead to a treat conclusion.Some critiques criticized mode by saying that mode is influenced by length of the class interval.THE GEOMETRIC MEANGeometric mean, as another measure of central tendency is really much usable in social science and avocation related problems. It is an average which is most suitable when large weights have to be assigned to small values of observations and small weights to large values of observation. Geometric mean opera hat suits to the problems where a particular situation changes over time in portionage terms. Hence it is basically used to find the average portion affix or decrease in sales, convergenceion, population etc. again it is also considered to be the best average in the construction of power numbers.Geometric mean is defined as the Nth last-placeize of the intersection point where there are N observations of a given series of data. For example, if a series is having only two observations then N will be two or we will take square groundwork of the observations. Similarly, when series is having three observations then we have to take cube root and the summons will continue like wise. Geometric mean can be calculated separately for two sets of data. Both are discussed below.When the data is ungroupedIn case of ungrouped series of observations, GM can be calculated by using the following formula where X1 , X2 , X3, XN various observations of a series and N is the Nth observation of the data. But it is very difficult to calculate GM by using the above formula. Hence the above formula ask to be simplified. To simplify the formula, both side of the above formula is to be taken logarithms.To calculate the G.M. of an ungrouped data, following steps are to be adopted. gravel the log of individual observations i.e., calculate log X.Make the sum of all log X values i.e., calculateThen use the above formula to calculate the G.M. of the series.When the data is groupedCalculation of geometric mean in case of grouped data is little bit different from that of calculation of G.M. in case of ungrouped series. Following are some steps to calculate the G.M. in case of grouped data series.To calculate the G.M. of a grouped data, following steps are to be adopted. resume the mid point of the continuous series.Take the log of mid points i.e., calculate log X and it can also be denoted as log mMake the sum of all log X values i.e., calculate orThen use the following formula to calculate the G.M. of the series.Advantages of G.M. Following are some advantages of G.M.i. One of the greatest advantages of G.M. is that it can be workable for further algebraic treatment i.e., combined G.M., can be calculated when there is availability of G.M., of two or more series a grand with their corresponding number of observations.ii. It is a very useful method of acquire average when the series of observation possess rates of growth i. e., increase or decrease over a period of time.iii. Since it is useful in averaging ratios and percentages, hence, are more useful in social science and stock related problems.Disadvantages of G.M. G.M., as a technique of calculating central value is also not free from defects. Following are some disadvantages of G.M.i. It is very difficult to calculate the value of log and antilog and hence, compared to other methods of central tendency, G.M., is very difficult to compute.ii. The greatest disadvantage of G.M., is that it cannot be used when the series is having both negative or validatory observations and observations having more zero values.THE charitable MEANThe last technique of getting the central tendency of a series of data is the charitable mean (H.M.). large-hearted mean, like the other methods of central tendency is not clearly defined. It is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the individual observations. H.M., is very much useful in those c ases of observations where the nature of data is such that it express the average rate of growth of any events. For example, the average rate of increase of sales or profits, the average whet up of a train or bus or a excursion can be completed etc. Following is the general formula to calculate H.M.When the data is ungroupedWhen the observations of the series are ungrouped, H.M., can be calculated asThe step for calculating H.M., of ungrouped data by using the derived formula is very simple. In such a case, one has to find out the values of 1/X and then sum of 1/X.When the data is grouped In case of grouped data, the formula for calculating H.M., is discussed as belowTake the mid point of the continuous series. cipher 1/X and it can also be denoted as 1/mMake the sum of all 1/X values i.e., calculateThen use the following formula to calculate the H.M. of the series.Advantages of H.M. large-hearted mean as a measure of central tendency is having following advantages.i. Harmonic m ean considers each and every observation of the series.ii. It is simple to compute when compared to G.M.iii. It is very useful for averaging rates.Disadvantages of H.M. Following are some disadvantages of H.M.i. It is rarely used as a technique of measuring central tendency.ii. It is not defined clearly like that of other techniques of measuring central value mean, median and mode.iii. Like that of G.M., H.M., cannot be used when the series is having both negative or positivist observations and observations having more zero values.CONCLUSIONAn average is a single value representing a group of values. Each type of averages has their own advantages and disadvantages and hence, they are having their own usefulness. But it is always confusing among the researchers that which average is the best among the five different techniques that we have discussed above? The answer to this question is very simple and says that no single average can be considered as best for all types of data. Howe ver, experts opine two devotions that the researchers must be kept in bear in mind while going for selecting a technique to determine the average. The first considerateness is that of determining the nature of data. If the data is more skewed it is better to avoid arithmetic mean, if the data is having gap around the middle value of the series, then median should be avoided and on the other hand, if the nature of series is such that they are unequal in class-intervals, then mode is to be avoided. The flash consideration is on the type of value required. When there is need of multiform average of all absolute or relative values, then arithmetic mean or geometric mean is to be selected, in case the researcher is in need of a middle value of the series, then median may be the best choice, but in case the most common value is needed, then will not be any alternative except mode. Similarly, Harmonic mean is useful in averaging ratios and percentages.SUMMERY1. Different experts have defined other than to the concept of average.2. Arithmetic mean is the most simple and frequently used technique of computing central tendency. The average is also called as mean. It is other wise called as a single number representing a whole data set.3. The best use of arithmetic mean is at the time of correcting some wrong entered data. For example in a group of 10 students, scoring an average of 60 marks, in a paper it was wrongly marked 70 instead of 65. the solution in such a cases is derived below4. In such a case, the weighted mean acts as the most important tool for studying the behaviour of the entire set of study. Here use of weighted mean is the only measure of central tendency for getting correct and accurate result.5. Median is generally that value of the entire series which divides the entire series into two equal parts from the middle.6. Mode is defined as the value which occurs most often in the series or other wise called as the value having the highest frequencies . It is, hence, the value which has maximum constriction around it.7. Geometric mean is defined as the Nth root of the product where there are N observations of a given series of data.8. Harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the individual observations.QUESTIONS1. In a class containing 90 students following senior high (in inches) has been observed. base on the data calculate the mean, median and mode of the class.2. In a physical test camp meant for selection of army solders the following heights of the candidates have been observed. Find the mean, median and mode of the distribution.3. From the distribution derived below, calculate mean and standard deviation of the series.4. The following table derives the marks sticked in Indian Economy paper by 90 students in a class. organise the mean, median and mode of the following distribution.5. The monthly profits of 180 crop keepers selling different commodities in a city footpath is derived below. purpose the mean and median of the distribution.6. The daily wage of 130 labourers working in a cotton mill in Ahmadabad cith is derived below. Calculate the mean, median and mode.7. in that respect is always controversy before the BCCI before selection of batsmen between Rahul Dravid and V.V.S. Laxman. Runs of 10 test matches of both the players are given below. Suggest who the better run getter is and who the consistent player is.8. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following distribution.9. What do you mean by measure of central tendency? How far it facilitatory to a decision-maker in the shape of decision making?10. Define measure of central tendency? What are the basic criteria of a level-headed average?11. What do you mean by measure of central tendency? canvass and contrast arithmetic mean, median and mode by pointing out the advantages and disadvantages.12. The use of goods and services on purchase of snacks by a group of hosteller per workhebdomad is Measures of Central TendencyMeasures of Central TendencyThe one single value that reflects the nature and characteristics of the entire given data is called as central value. Central tendency refers to the middle point of a given distribution. It is other wise called as measures of location. The nature of this value is such that it always lies between the highest value and the lowest value of that series. In other wards, it lies at the centre or at the middle of the series.CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD AVERAGEYule and Kendall have pointed out some basic characteristics which an average should satisfy to call it as good average. They areAverage is the easiest method to calculateIt should be rigidly defined. This says that, the series of whose average is calculated should have only one interpretation. One interpretation will avoid personal prejudice or bias.It should be representative of the entire series. In other wards, the value should lie between the upper and lower limit of the data. It should have capable of further algebraic treatment. In other wards, an ideal average is one which can be used for further statistical calculations.It should not be affected by the extreme values of the observation or series.DEFINITIONSDifferent experts have defined differently to the concept of average. Gupta (2008) in his work has narrated Lawrence J. Kaplan definition as one of the most widely used set of summery figures is known as measures of location, which are often referred to as averages, measures of central tendency or central location. The purpose of computing an average value for a set of observation is to obtain a single value which is representative of all the items and which the mind can grasp simply and quickly. The single value is the point of location around which the individual items cluster. This opinion clearly narrates the basic purpose of computing an average. Similarly, Croxton and Cowden define the concept as an average is a single value within the range o f the data that is used to represent all of the values in the series. Since the average is somewhere within the range of data, it is sometimes called a measure of central value.TYPES OF AVERAGESFollowing five are frequently used types of an average or measure of central tendency. They areArithmetic mean weight arithmetic meanMedianModeGeometric Mean andHarmonic MeanAll the above five types are discussed below in detail.THE ARITHMETIC MEANArithmetic mean is the most simple and frequently used technique of computing central tendency. The average is also called as mean. It is other wise called as a single number representing a whole data set. It can be computed in a some(prenominal) ways. Commonly it can be computed by dividing the total value by the number of observations. Let n be the number of items in a case. Each individual item in a list can be represented in a relationship as x1, x2, x3, ,xn. In this relationship, x1 is one value, x2 is another value in the series and the value extends upto a particular limit represented by xn. The dots in the relationship express that there are some values between the two extremes which are omitted in the relationship. Some people interprets the same relationship as, which can be read as x-sub-i, as i runs from 1 upto n.In case the numbers of variable in list is more, then it requires a long space for deriving the mean. Thus the union notation is used to refer the entire relationship. The above relationship can be derived with the help of summation as , representing the sum of the x values, using the index i to calculate from the starting value i =1 to the ending value i = n. thus we haveand the average can be represented asThe symbol i is again nothing but a proceed covariance. The readers should not be confused while using the notation , preferably they can also use or or any other similar notation which are of same meaning.The mean of a series can be calculated in a number of ways. Following are some basic ways t hat are commonly used in researchers related to management and social sciences, particularly by the beginners. However, the readers should not be confused on sample mean and population mean. A sample of a population of n observations and the mean of sample is denoted by . Where as when one measure the population mean i.e., the entire variables of a study than the mean is represented by the symbol , which is pronounced as mue and is derived from the Greek letter mu. Below we are discussing the concepts of sample mean.Type-1 In case of individual observationa. Direct method- Mean or average can be calculated directly in the following wayStep-1 First of all the researcher has to add all the observations of a given series. The observations are x1, x2, x3, xn.Step-2- Count how many observations are their in that series (n)Step-3- the following procedure than adopted to get the average.Thus the average or mean denoted as and can be read as x bar is derives asThus it can be said that the a verage mark of the final contestants in the quiz competition is 67.6 marks which can be locomote over to 70 marks.b. Short-cut method- The average or mean can also be calculated by using short-cut method. This method is applicable when a particular series is having so many observations. In other wards, to go down calculations this method is generally used. The steps of calculating mean by this method is as followsi. The research has to assume any one value from the entire series. This value is called as assumed value. Let this value be denoted here as P.ii. Differentiate each a value from this assumed vale. That is find out individual values of each observation. Let this difference value be denoted as B. Hence B=xn-P where n= 1,2,3,n.iii. Add all the difference value or get sum of B and count the number of observation n.iv. Putting the values in the following formula and get the value of mean.Type-2 In case of discrete observations or series of dataDiscrete series are the variable s whose values can be identified and isolated. In such a case the variant is a whole number, but is form frequency distribution. The data set derived in case-1 above is called as ungrouped data. The computations in case of these data are not difficult. Where as, if the data set is having frequencies are called as groped data.a. Direct method Following are some steps of calculating mean by using the direct methodi. In the first step, the values of each row (X) are to be multiplied by its respective frequencies (f).ii. Calculate the sum of the frequencies (column-2 in our example) at the end of the column denoted asiii. Calculate the sum of the X*f values at the end of the column (column-3 in our below derived example) denoted asiv. Mean () can be calculated by using the formulab. Short cut method Arithmetic mean can also be calculated by using the short cut method or assumed mean method. This method is generally used by the researchers to avoid the time requirements and calculation c omplexities. Following are the steps of calculating mean by this method.i. The first step is to assume a value from the X values of the series (denoted as A= assumed value)ii. In this step in another column we have to calculate the deviation value (denoted as D) of X to that of assumed value (A) i.e., D = X-Aiii. Multiply each D with f i.e., find our Dfiv. Calculate the value of sum of at the end of respective columns.v. Mean can be calculated by using the formula asType-3 In case of continuous observations or series of dataAnother type of frequency distributions is there which consists of data that are grouped by classes. In such case each value of an observation falls somewhere in one of the classes. Calculation of arithmetic mean in case of grouped data is some what different from that of ungrouped data. To find out the arithmetic mean of continuous series, one has to calculate the midpoint of each class interval. To make midpoints come out in whole cents, one has to round up the value. Mean in continuous series can be calculated in two ways as derived belowa. Direct method In this method, mean can be calculated by using the steps asi. First step is to calculate the mid point of each class interval. The mid point is denoted by m and can be calculated as .ii. Multiply the mid points of each class interval (m) with its respective frequencies (f) i.e., find out mfiii. Calculate the value of sum of at the end of respective columns.iv. Mean can be calculated by using the formula asb. Short cut method Mean can also be calculated by using short cut method. Following are the steps to calculate mean by this method.i. First step is to calculate the mid point of each class interval. The mid point is denoted by m and can be calculated as .ii. Assume a value from the m values of the series (denoted as A= assumed value)iii. In this step in another column we have to calculate the deviation value (denoted as D) of m to that of assumed value (A) i.e., D = m Aiv. Multiply e ach D with f i.e., find our Dfv. Calculate the value of sum of at the end of respective columns.vi. Put the values in the following formula to get mean of the seriesTHE charge ARITHMETIC MEANIn real life situation in management studies and social sciences, some items need more importance than that of the other items of that series. Hence, importance assigned to different items with the help of numerical value as per the priority basis in a series as called as weights. The arithmetic mean on the other hand, gives equal weightage or importance to each observation of the series. In such a case, the weighted mean acts as the most important tool for studying the behaviour of the entire set of study. Here use of weighted mean is the only measure of central tendency for getting correct and accurate result. Following is the procedures of computing mean of a weighted series. By the way, an important problem that arises while using weighted mean is regarding selection of weights. Weights may be either actual or arbitrary, i.e., estimated. The researcher will not face any difficulty, if the actual weights are assigned to the set of data. But in case, if actual data is not assigned than it is advisable to assign arbitrary or imaginary weights.Following are some steps of calculating weighted meani. In the first step, the values of each row (X) are to be multiplied by its respective weights (W)ii. Calculate the sum of the weights (column-2 in our example) at the end of the column denoted asiii. Calculate the sum of the X*W values at the end of the column (column-3 in our below derived example) denoted asiv. Mean () can be calculated by using the formulaAdvantages of Arithmetic mean Following are some advantages of arithmetic mean.i. The concept is more familiar concept among the people. It is unique because each data set has only one mean.ii. It is very easy to compute and requires fewer calculations. As every data set has a mean, hence, as a measure mean can be calculated .iii. Mean represents a single value to the entire data set. Thus easily one can interpret a data set its characteristics.iv. An average can be calculated of any type of series.Disadvantages of Arithmetic mean The disadvantages are as follows.i. One of the greatest disadvantages of average is that it is mostly affected by the extreme values. For example let consider Sachin Tendulkars score in last three matches. Let it be, 100 in first match, 2 in entropy match and 10 in third match. The average score of these three matches will me 100+2+10/3=37. Thus it implies that Tendulkars average score is 37 which is not correct. Hence lead to wrong conclusion.ii. It is not possible to compute mean for a data set that has open-ended classes at either the high or low end of the scale.iii. The arithmetic average sometimes gives such value which cannot be found from the data series from which it is calculated.iv. It is unrealistic.v. It cannot be identified observation or graphic method of repre senting the data and interpretation.THE MEDIANAnother one technique to measure central tendency of a series of observation is the median. Median is generally that value of the entire series which divides the entire series into two equal parts from the middle. In other wards, it is the exactly middle value of the series. Hence, fifty percent of the observations in the series are above the median value and other fifty or half observations are remains below the median value. However, if the series are having odd numbers of observations like 3,5,7,9,11,13 etc., then the median value will be equal to one of the exact value from the series. On the other hand, if the series is having even observations, then median value can be calculated by getting the arithmetic mean of the two middle values of the observations of the series. Median an a technique of measuring central tendency can be best used in cases where the problem sought for more qualitative or mental in nature such as health, inte lligence, satisfaction etc.DefinitionsThe concept of median can be clearer from the definitions derived below. Connor defined it as the median is the value which divides the distribution into two equal parts, one part comprising all values greater, and the other values less than the median. Where as Croxton and Cowden defined it as the median is that value which divides a series so that one half or more of the items are equal to or less than it and one half or more of the items are equal to or greater than it. Median can be computed in three different series separately. All the cases are discussed separately below.Computation of Median in Individual SeriesComputation of Median in Discrete Series andComputation of Median in Continuous SeriesComputation of Median in Individual SeriesFollowing are some steps to calculate the median in individual series.The first and the most important requirement is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing ) order.Than the median value can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the series. Where, N= Number of observation in that series. When N is odd number (like 5, 7,9,11,13 etc.) median value is one of the item within that series, but in case N will be a even number than median is the arithmetic mean of the two middle value after applying the above formula. The following problem can make the concept clear.Computation of Median in Discrete SeriesDiscrete series are those where the data set is assigned with frequencies or repetitions. Following are the steps of computing the median when the series is discrete.The first and the most important requirement is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing) order.In the third column of the table, calculate the cumulative frequencies.Than the median class can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the cumulative frequencies of the series.Computation of Median in C ontinuous SeriesContinuous series are the series of data where the data ranges are in class intervals. Each class is having an upper limit and a lower limit. In such cases the computation of median is little bit different from that of the other two cases discussed above. Following are some steps to get median in continuous series of data.The first and the most important requirement is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing) order.In the third column of the table, calculate the cumulative frequencies.Than the median class can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the cumulative frequencies column of the series.Form the cumulative frequencies, one can get the median class i.e., in which class the value lies. This class is called as median class and one can get the lower value of the class and the upper value of the class.The following formula can be used to calculate the medianWe have to get the median class first. Fo r this, median class is N/2 th value or 70/2= 35. The value 35 lies in the third row of the table against the class 30-40. Thus 30-40 is the median class and it shows that the median value lies in this class only. After getting the median class, to get the median value we have to apply the formula .Advantages of Median Median as a measure of central tendency has following advantages of its own.It is very simple and can be easily understood.It is very easy to calculate and interpret.It Includes all the observations while calculation.Like that of arithmetic mean, median is not affected by the extreme values of the observation.It has the advantages for using further analysis. It can even used to calculate for open ended distribution.Disadvantages of Median Median as a means to calculate central tendency is also not free from draw backs. Following are some important draw backs that are leveled against median.Median is not a widely measure to calculate central tendency like that of arith metic mean and also mode.It is not based on algebraic treatment.THE MODEMode is defined as the value which occurs most often in the series or other wise called as the value having the highest frequencies. It is, hence, the value which has maximum concentration around it. Like that of median, mode is also more useful in case of qualitative data analysis. It can be used in problems generally having the discrete series of data and particularly, problems involving the expression of psychological determinants.DefinitionsThe concept of mode can be clearer from the definitions derived below. Croxten and Cowden defined it as the mode of a distribution is the value at the point around which the items tend to be most heavily concentrated. It may be regarded as the most typical of a series of value. Similarly, in the words of Prof. Kenny the value of the variable which occurs most frequently in a distribution is called the mode. Mode can be computed in three different series separately. All th e cases are discussed separately below.Computation of Mode in Individual SeriesComputation of Mode in Discrete Series andComputation of Mode in Continuous SeriesComputation of Mode in Individual SeriesCalculation of mode in individual series is very easy. The data is to be arranged in a sequential order and that value which occurs maximum times in that series is the value mode. The following example will make the concept clear.Computation of Mode in Discrete SeriesDiscrete series are those where the data set is assigned with frequencies or repetitions. Hence directly, mode will be that value which is having maximum frequency. By the way, for accuracy in calculation, there is a method called as groping method which is frequently used for calculating mode. Following is the fiction to calculate mode of a series by using grouping method.Consider the following data set and calculate mode by using the grouping method. The calculation carried out in different steps is derived asStep-1 Sum of two frequencies including the first one i.e., 1+2=3, then 4+3=7, then 2+1=3 etc.Step-2 Sum of two frequencies excluding the first one i.e., 2+4=7, then 3+2=5, then 1+2=3 etc.Step-3 Sum of three frequencies including the first one i.e., 1+2+4=7, then 3+2+1=6 etc.Step-4 Sum of two frequencies excluding the first one i.e., 2+4+3=9, then 2+1+2=5 etc.Step-5 Sum of three frequencies excluding the first and second i.e., 4+3+2=9, then 1+2+1=4.Computation of Mode in Continuous SeriesAs already discussed, continuous series are the series of data where the data ranges are in class intervals. Each class is having an upper limit and a lower limit. In such cases the computation of mode is little bit different from that of the other two cases discussed above. Following are some steps to get mode in continuous series of data.Select the mode class. A mode class can be selected by selecting the highest frequency size.Mode value can be calculated by using the following formulaAdvantages of Mode Fo llowing are some important advantages of mode as a measure of central tendency.It is easy to calculate and easy to understand.It eliminates the impact of extreme values.It is easy to locate and in some cases we can estimate mode by mere inspection.It is not affected by extreme values.Disadvantages of Mode Following are some important disadvantages of mode.It is not suitable for further numeric treatment.It may lead to a wrong conclusion.Some critiques criticized mode by saying that mode is influenced by length of the class interval.THE GEOMETRIC MEANGeometric mean, as another measure of central tendency is very much useful in social science and business related problems. It is an average which is most suitable when large weights have to be assigned to small values of observations and small weights to large values of observation. Geometric mean best suits to the problems where a particular situation changes over time in percentage terms. Hence it is basically used to find the averag e percent increase or decrease in sales, production, population etc. once again it is also considered to be the best average in the construction of index numbers.Geometric mean is defined as the Nth root of the product where there are N observations of a given series of data. For example, if a series is having only two observations then N will be two or we will take square root of the observations. Similarly, when series is having three observations then we have to take cube root and the process will continue like wise. Geometric mean can be calculated separately for two sets of data. Both are discussed below.When the data is ungroupedIn case of ungrouped series of observations, GM can be calculated by using the following formula where X1 , X2 , X3, XN various observations of a series and N is the Nth observation of the data. But it is very difficult to calculate GM by using the above formula. Hence the above formula of necessity to be simplified. To simplify the formula, both side of the above formula is to be taken logarithms.To calculate the G.M. of an ungrouped data, following steps are to be adopted.Take the log of individual observations i.e., calculate log X.Make the sum of all log X values i.e., calculateThen use the above formula to calculate the G.M. of the series.When the data is groupedCalculation of geometric mean in case of grouped data is little bit different from that of calculation of G.M. in case of ungrouped series. Following are some steps to calculate the G.M. in case of grouped data series.To calculate the G.M. of a grouped data, following steps are to be adopted.Take the mid point of the continuous series.Take the log of mid points i.e., calculate log X and it can also be denoted as log mMake the sum of all log X values i.e., calculate orThen use the following formula to calculate the G.M. of the series.Advantages of G.M. Following are some advantages of G.M.i. One of the greatest advantages of G.M. is that it can be possible for furthe r algebraic treatment i.e., combined G.M., can be calculated when there is availability of G.M., of two or more series along with their corresponding number of observations.ii. It is a very useful method of getting average when the series of observation possess rates of growth i.e., increase or decrease over a period of time.iii. Since it is useful in averaging ratios and percentages, hence, are more useful in social science and business related problems.Disadvantages of G.M. G.M., as a technique of calculating central value is also not free from defects. Following are some disadvantages of G.M.i. It is very difficult to calculate the value of log and antilog and hence, compared to other methods of central tendency, G.M., is very difficult to compute.ii. The greatest disadvantage of G.M., is that it cannot be used when the series is having both negative or positive observations and observations having more zero values.THE large-hearted MEANThe last technique of getting the central tendency of a series of data is the Harmonic mean (H.M.). Harmonic mean, like the other methods of central tendency is not clearly defined. It is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the individual observations. H.M., is very much useful in those cases of observations where the nature of data is such that it express the average rate of growth of any events. For example, the average rate of increase of sales or profits, the average speed of a train or bus or a locomote can be completed etc. Following is the general formula to calculate H.M.When the data is ungroupedWhen the observations of the series are ungrouped, H.M., can be calculated asThe step for calculating H.M., of ungrouped data by using the derived formula is very simple. In such a case, one has to find out the values of 1/X and then sum of 1/X.When the data is grouped In case of grouped data, the formula for calculating H.M., is discussed as belowTake the mid point of the continuous series.Calculate 1/X and it can also be denoted as 1/mMake the sum of all 1/X values i.e., calculateThen use the following formula to calculate the H.M. of the series.Advantages of H.M. Harmonic mean as a measure of central tendency is having following advantages.i. Harmonic mean considers each and every observation of the series.ii. It is simple to compute when compared to G.M.iii. It is very useful for averaging rates.Disadvantages of H.M. Following are some disadvantages of H.M.i. It is rarely used as a technique of measuring central tendency.ii. It is not defined clearly like that of other techniques of measuring central value mean, median and mode.iii. Like that of G.M., H.M., cannot be used when the series is having both negative or positive observations and observations having more zero values.CONCLUSIONAn average is a single value representing a group of values. Each type of averages has their own advantages and disadvantages and hence, they are having their own usefulness. But it is always confusing among the researchers that which average is the best among the five different techniques that we have discussed above? The answer to this question is very simple and says that no single average can be considered as best for all types of data. However, experts opine two considerations that the researchers must be kept in mind while going for selecting a technique to determine the average. The first consideration is that of determining the nature of data. If the data is more skewed it is better to avoid arithmetic mean, if the data is having gap around the middle value of the series, then median should be avoided and on the other hand, if the nature of series is such that they are unequal in class-intervals, then mode is to be avoided. The second consideration is on the type of value required. When there is need of complicated average of all absolute or relative values, then arithmetic mean or geometric mean is to be selected, in case the researcher is in need of a middle value of the series, then median may be the best choice, but in case the most common value is needed, then will not be any alternative except mode. Similarly, Harmonic mean is useful in averaging ratios and percentages.SUMMERY1. Different experts have defined differently to the concept of average.2. Arithmetic mean is the most simple and frequently used technique of computing central tendency. The average is also called as mean. It is other wise called as a single number representing a whole data set.3. The best use of arithmetic mean is at the time of correcting some wrong entered data. For example in a group of 10 students, scoring an average of 60 marks, in a paper it was wrongly marked 70 instead of 65. the solution in such a cases is derived below4. In such a case, the weighted mean acts as the most important tool for studying the behaviour of the entire set of study. Here use of weighted mean is the only measure of central tendency for getting correct and accurate result.5. Me dian is generally that value of the entire series which divides the entire series into two equal parts from the middle.6. Mode is defined as the value which occurs most often in the series or other wise called as the value having the highest frequencies. It is, hence, the value which has maximum concentration around it.7. Geometric mean is defined as the Nth root of the product where there are N observations of a given series of data.8. Harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the individual observations.QUESTIONS1. In a class containing 90 students following heights (in inches) has been observed. establish on the data calculate the mean, median and mode of the class.2. In a physical test camp meant for selection of army solders the following heights of the candidates have been observed. Find the mean, median and mode of the distribution.3. From the distribution derived below, calculate mean and standard deviation of the series.4. The following tab le derives the marks obtained in Indian Economy paper by 90 students in a class. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following distribution.5. The monthly profits of 180 browse keepers selling different commodities in a city footpath is derived below. Calculate the mean and median of the distribution.6. The daily wage of 130 labourers working in a cotton mill in Ahmadabad cith is derived below. Calculate the mean, median and mode.7. thither is always controversy before the BCCI before selection of batsmen between Rahul Dravid and V.V.S. Laxman. Runs of 10 test matches of both the players are given below. Suggest who the better run getter is and who the consistent player is.8. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following distribution.9. What do you mean by measure of central tendency? How far it reformatory to a decision-maker in the process of decision making?10. Define measure of central tendency? What are the basic criteria of a good average?11. What do you mean b y measure of central tendency? discriminate and contrast arithmetic mean, median and mode by pointing out the advantages and disadvantages.12. The outgo on purchase of snacks by a group of hosteller per week is